Systems Analysis and Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Frameworks Analysis and Design - Assignment Example Not at all like C++, which consolidates the grammar for organized, nonexclusive, and object-arranged programming, Java was manufactured solely as an item situated language. All code is composed inside a class, and everything is an article, except for the inherent information types (ordinal and genuine numbers, boolean qualities, and characters), which are not classes for execution reasons. Java utilizes comparative remarking strategies to C++. There are three unique styles of remark: a solitary line style set apart with two cuts (//), a numerous line style opened with a slice mark ( ), and the Javadoc remarking style opened with a slice and two indicators ( ). The Javadoc style of remarking permits the client to run the Javadoc executable to gather documentation for the program. Source documents must be named after the open class they contain, annexing the postfix .java, for instance, HelloWorld.java. It should initially be accumulated into bytecode, utilizing a Java compiler, delivering a document named HelloWorld.class. At exactly that point would it be able to be executed, or propelled. The java source record may just contain one open class however can contain numerous classes with not exactly community and any number of open inward classes. A class that isn't pronounced open might be put away in any .java record. The compiler will produce a class document for each class characterized in the source record. The name of the class document is the name of the class, with .class attached. For class document age, mysterious classes are treated as though their name were the link of the name of their encasing class, a $, and a whole number. The catchphrase open means that a strategy can be called from code in different classes, or that a class might be utilized by classes outside the class chain of command. The class progressive system is identified with the name of the registry in which the .java record is found. The watchword static before a strategy shows a static technique.

Attitudes Towards Test Tube Babies

Perspectives towards Test Tube Babies [pic] Name of Student: Yuhan Huang (Sheley) AE instructor: Michelle Crockford AE Class: February 4 Abstract The goal of this report is to introduce the mentalities and thoughts shared by International Education Services Limited (IES) understudies and understudies from the college of Queensland (UQ) according as far as anyone is concerned and closely-held convictions concerning Invitro treatment The study utilized information gathered from male and female understudies between the ages of 15 and 30 living in the State of Queensland.The members were offered 20 inquiries to response in protection and with no level of weight. The inquiries identified with their own subtleties and to the IVF program specifically. The point of the examination was to assemble a general perspective regarding whether IVF was for sure observed as an acknowledged sort of program among this age gathering. All in all it is sensible to feel that another review with a more estab lished progressively experienced age gathering would more probable give a variety in results. Since this chose age bunch were understudies, their insight and experience straightforwardly with IVF was limited.However, it is imperative to recoginse the assessments of youth as they are the group of people yet to come of grown-ups. Presentation as of late, pampers imagined through in-vitro treatment (IVF) have been a subject of good conversation around the globe. This type of generation isn't viewed as a characteristic and adequate method of conceiving an offspring in some people’s eyes. Numerous barren couples specifically, depend on this new innovation since it permits them the decision of having their infant utilizing this strategy. In-vitro treatment is characterized by, â€Å"a process by which egg cells are prepared by sperm outside the belly (Papanikolaou et al. 006)†. The meaning of an unnaturally conceived child is one which is the aftereffect of a female ovary or egg having been treated with a male sperm inside a test tube, the subsequent impregnated egg is embedded in the uterus of a female, developing into an embryo and creating infant when of birth. (Biscuit, 2007). As indicated by Walsh (2008), 3,000,000 unnaturally conceived children have been conceived all through the world thusly up until this point, and this number keeps on expanding at a pace of eleven thousand each year.In 1978, the world’s first effective â€Å"test-tube† infant, Louise Brown, was conceived in Great Britain. The child young lady gauged five-pound 12-ounces and was conveyed early by means of Cesarean area. The procedure had been a triumph; this procedure demonstrated Dr. Steptoe and Dr. Edwards had achieved the first of many unnaturally conceived children (Rosenberg, 1970). In Australia, the main unnaturally conceived child, Candice Elizabeth Reed, was conceived in 1980 (Screen Australia, 1982). Fruitlessness burdens thousand’s of wedded coupl es feeling disappointment at being childless.In India, there is a barrenness center which gives good, enthusiastic and the most developed specialized help for couples wishing to tackle their fruitfulness issues. Be that as it may, the religion of Islam is absolutely against IVF and has been restricted by the by Islamic Fiqh Council (1986). What's more, they imagined that in-vitro preparation was unlawful in light of the fact that it could bring about disarray concerning parentage (Islamic Perspective, 2007). Before the introduction of the primary unnaturally conceived children, for example, Louise Brown, individuals overall were reluctant to utilize this strategy imagining that there could be dangers involved.However, in time the wellbeing and prosperity of those infants brought into the world through IVF programs have demonstrated to the world that this technique is for sure protected. Henceforth the feelings of trepidation have nearly vanished. In any case, numerous individuals de spite everything have numerous confusions about an unnaturally conceived child and a few nations don't permit the assembling of unnaturally conceived children. In the event that a child can be made in a test tube, at that point barren couples have a superior potential for success of having a family then by different methods. The point of this report is to inspect the mentalities of individuals towards the appropriation of in vitro-fertilization.This paper will first plate the technique and select the review question from this exploration, at that point an outline of the survey results will be presented,  followed by a conversation, end and suggestions. Technique In this report, quantitative philosophy was picked for this exploration. In view of the complexities related with unstructured meeting procedure and time limitations. A survey was intended to analyze the various assessments of International Education Services Limited (IES) and University of Queensland (UQ) understudies dis position towards the selection of in vitro-preparation (allude Appendix A).The primary sorts of inquiries posed to included; those about close to home subtleties and individual encounters along with inquiries on people’s perspectives about inâ€vitro treatment. There were 30 understudies who were all volunteers. 10 out of members were male and 20 of them were female. The understudies were picked haphazardly from state library and UQ library all full time understudies between the ages of 15 to 30. Religion, political connection and financial status were viewed as irrelevant. Secrecy was guaranteed by not recording names.Questionnaires were finished by understudies and the information was then gathered and dissected. The poll was constrained by the way that a significant number of the members were too youthful to even consider having had any genuine individual involvement with managing IVF, anyway some had the option to identify with companions or family who had utilized the IVF program effectively. A portion of the members just dubiously knew any of true or verifiable information about IVF. The intrigue that the survey created among members and their legit and candid answers end up being a reward the extent that the poll was concerned.Interpretation of Results Questions 1 and 2 were essential and gotten some information about close to home information on in vitro-preparation (IVF) and unnaturally conceived children. The members by and large have found out about IVF. There are around 83. 3% understudies think about this point as can be found in the outcomes, interestingly, there are five understudies who have never known about IVF, yet one of them realized the procedure associated with making an unnaturally conceived child. Questions 3 to 13 were testing and top to bottom so as to acquire the participant’s earnest and learned response to each question.It was compensating to see that such a significant number of concurred with the IVF program and its points and advantages. Moreover, a high level of members were nonpartisan about huge numbers of these inquiries. This could have implied that they truly didn’t know a lot about IVF or weren’t certain about the appropriate response. Questions 14 through to 19 broadened the scrutinizing into the circle of Government subsidizing. Here 70% of guys and 80% of females accepted that the Government ought to give financing to the IVF program. a half year to 1 year in Question 18 appears to be a brief timeframe time for most to pick, anyway this would mirror the experience of the participants.The respondents were commonly worried about this topical issue and its bearing on present day society. They all observed the positive result where couples could get cheerful and have their very own infant. They worried about the chance of deficient infants being conceived. Their energy to be engaged with the poll indicated the receptiveness which they had in being a piece of the answer for any issue including IVF. Since their was no impact give by different gatherings to members in responding to the 20 inquiries, it tends to be said this was a review with certifiable results.Notwithstanding that there were factors which didn't fit in precisely with the point of the study, for example, the youthful age of certain members alongside individuals having restricted information there was adequate reasonable information gathered to give an exemplary outcome. The language utilized in the poll was comprehended by all members. Watchwords, for example, in-vitro preparation, halfway, burdens, fruitless, government financing, restrictive, DNA didn't require any clarification, anyway some Asian understudies requested assistance in sentence meanings.Most individuals demonstrated a fundamental comprehension on what IVF was intended to do; that is to empower pregnancy to happen, shockingly in a similar inquiry, number 16 not many saw any genuine worry for wellbeing, recognizing the clinical competency that exist with this program. Suggestion As the discoveries have demonstrated, a great many people were worried about couples wanting to have an infant in the event that they so wanted. It would subsequently be in light of a legitimate concern for the â€Å"powers to be,† that Government and clinical bodies continue energetically with more noteworthy execution and help for the IVF program.Question 17 demonstrated that most members saw two significant concerns; that of costing, and worry for babies having absconds. Both government and clinical methodology can defeat these potential hindrances with additionally subsidizing and improved research separately. It is fascinating to take note of that being referred to 13, 30% of females unequivocally couldn't help contradicting the idea of the IVF program delivering babies as though they were an item or item. No guys enlisted any comment.It shows up from this measurement that there is no compelling reason to inst ruct individuals further on this moral side of any contention presented. It very well may be derived that the information got will somehow or another edify perusers of this review, subsequently reinforcing the contention for a proceeded IVF program existing in the bleeding edge of society for a considerable length of time to come. . The ramifications of these outcomes are that more research should be completed to give an increasingly far reaching comprehension of how other age bunches see the IVF program.There could likewise be studies done including those of blended ethnic foundations just as those of various religions and those with moral and good requests. Such reviews would need to address an alternate sort of addressing however it would in any case be a suggested that can be made here. Examines

Theory of Planned Behavior Definition, Explained, Examples

Theory of Planned Behavior Definition, Explained, Examples Have you ever wondered what makes human beings react in the way they do? Imagine how powerful you would become if you had the ability to accurately predict how people would react in different scenarios.With this ability, you would most likely end up a rich car salesman who knows just what to say and do to make customers buy.Human beings are curious by nature and we will always have a tendency to look for the reason behind why people act the way they do. When your set foot into a car yard looking to buy a car, you are bombarded with a number of options. Sometimes, you might even find two closely similar cars on display. After all has been said and done, you will only pick one car.The same is true about work assignments. When you are given a task, you will usually have different possible approaches that you can take. However, you will only end up picking one approach.What could have motivated you to react to the stimulus in the way you did? What could have driven you to choose a specif ic car from dozens of cars in the yard? What influenced your decision-making process that you went through to arrive at a final decision?Certainly, one of the most difficult things to get a firm and full handle on is human behavior. It certainly doesn’t help that individuals are unique in their own ways, and that they cannot be boxed in categories especially when it comes to behavior. Not all people react in the same way, or behave in the same manner, even under the exact same circumstances. There are various factors at play, and these are what psychologists and thinkers have been trying to study and make sense of in the past few decades.Studies on human behavior have resulted in a multitude of theories and assumptions, with psychologists and researchers postulating this or that. Some of them make sense, others made enough of an impact to still be considered valid today, and there are others that have already been generally accepted as fact. In this discussion, we will take a look at one of these assumptions, known as the Theory of Planned Behavior, or TPB.THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIORBefore we can fully proceed to understanding the Theory of Planned Behavior, it is important to retrace the earlier steps that led to its development. There were several earlier theories that contributed to the development of the TPB, and the two most recognizable ones were the Information Integration Theory and the Theory of Reasoned Action.The Information Integration TheoryAfter a series of experiments, Norman Anderson first introduced the Information Integration Theory in 1971. In his theory, Anderson tried to explore and describe how the mixing or combination (integration) of new information with existing thoughts or cognitions results in the formation and/or changes in one’s attitudes. In short, before an individual can make a final or overall judgment, he will still undergo a process of integrating information, d erived from various sources, in aid of arriving at that judgment.Anderson’s theory holds that a persuasive message is composed of ideas, which are relevant pieces or bits of information, with each bit defined by two qualities:Value, or the favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the bit of informationWeight, or the perceived importance of the bit of informationThis is described further in the proposed three functions in the integration process:Valuation, or setting value and weight on the information derived from various sources, with respect to multiple stimuli;Integration, or mixing or combining new information with existing information into one psychological response; andResponse, or the translation of the impression from the integration into an overall observable response or behavior.Basically, it describes how one piece of information can be viewed and perceived differently by two individuals, based on the differences of their value and weight. As an illustration, let us take a look at two female employees talking about the maternity leave and benefits package offered by the company they work for, and why they have differing attitudes toward it.Let’s call the first employee Mary. Mary is newly-wed, with plans of starting a family very soon. Let’s call the second employee Ashley. Unlike Mary, Ashley is committed to being single and prioritizing her career over building a family. For Mary, the package is definitely a good idea, since it is in line with her personal goals. It allows her to start a family and get back to her career. As a result, the package has a positive value.Ashley, on the other hand, does not think the same. The package has negative value because of her opinion that the package merely encourages women to take a long break from work. From her perspective, this long break might derail any career opportunity that might present itself in the interim.Clearly, the package holds more weight for Mary, since it is something that matters to he r (specifically her plans to have children while remaining an employee of the company). It does not hold as much weight for Ashley, since it does not directly affect any of her immediate personal and career plans.Although Ashley may start out looking unfavorably at the maternity package and its implications, the situation is not going to stay that way forever. When she obtains or learns new and positive pieces of information, a change of heart is likely to occur.For example, she may not like the idea of giving up career opportunities in order to get pregnant and have a child. With that said, it’s likely that she is not entirely against the idea of having a child. Her only concern is allowing her career to suffer at the expense of motherhood. What was initially an uncaring attitude about putting family over career may be made lighter or more positive when she starts to know more about the joys of motherhood.In essence, everybody is allowed to have an unfavorable or favorable attitu de about something. However, these attitudes are not set in stone. They, too, can change, thanks to the integration of new information with already existing information. In fact, this integration can completely erase the old attitude and give rise to a new and totally different one, so don’t be surprised when Ashley is suddenly the first to take the package.A really awesome in-depth presentation on the  Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness. The Theory of Reasoned ActionIt was in 1980 when Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen developed and introduced the Theory of Reasoned Action, mainly as an enhancement of Anderson’s Information Integration Theory.The enhancement comes in the inclusion of another factor into the equation: “behavioral intent” (or “behavioral intention”) and how, along with an individual’s pre-existing attitudes, these intentions can predict or even ultimately predict his responses or behaviors. In short, a person’s behavior will be affected or in fluenced, not only by his attitude or perceptions, but also by his expectations, or the anticipated outcomes that the behavior is likely to provide or lead to.The Theory of Reasoned Action, or TRA, theory posits that behavioral intention is shaped by three elements or factors:The individual’s attitude, or personal opinion, on whether a specific behavior is good or bad, positive or negative, favorable or otherwise. The attitude must be specific, since this specificity will allow the prediction in the resulting behavior.The prevailing subjective norms, or the social pressure arising from other people’s expectations, as seen from the individual’s point of view. This, in turn, has two components:The individual’s normative beliefs, or what he perceives to be what other people want or expect; andThe individual’s motivation, or need, to comply with what other people want or expect.The perceived behavioral control of the individual, or his perception of his ability to perform a sp ecific behavior.It is said that the “best predictor of behavior is intention”. To be more specific, we are referring to behavioral intention when we simply say intention, or the “cognitive indication of the readiness of an individual to perform a specific behavior”.Thus, behavioral intention is seen as the precursor immediately leading up to the actual behavior, meaning a person will react or decide, depending on the behavioral intention formed or developed.This relationship between the intention and the actual behavior is influenced by three conditions.The behavioral intention must be specific, in order to predict a specific behavior;The intention must remain constant or stable from the time it is given or measured until the time of actual performance of the behavior; andThe individual has full control on whether to perform the behavior or not, indicating complete volitional control, so that behavior is 100% voluntary.In the Information Integrity Theory, an individual’s a ctions are influenced by his attitudes and perceptions. The TRA recognizes the reality that, although his attitudes indicate a specific behavior, his perceived social norms may contradict it, suggesting an entirely different response or behavior. This combination, which could mean reinforcement or contradiction, as the case may be, will be used to predict his behavioral intention.Let’s face it: an intention is just an intention. It won’t always end up as an action. How many times have you intended to wake up early but you still snoozed when the alarm went off? This nature of an intention also happens to be the major argument against this theory.Here comes another example: You have every intention to quit smoking and you have a commitment to completely abstain from the act and shun cigarettes. However, this intention alone is not enough proof that you will actually do it.This means that the implementation of these intention is usually not 100%.Some behaviors are not totally volun tary. This gave rise to another way of looking at things, and that is the TPB.THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIORThe Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is seen as an improvement to the TRA, often mentioned and discussed with it. This makes sense, since the TPB reinforces and adds to the assumptions in the TRA.The TPB maintains what TRA postulated about human behavior being governed by one’s attitudes and behavioral intentions characterized by the presence of social norms and the exercise of volitional control. However, it incorporates several modifications that allows for greater accuracy and reliability in understanding one’s attitudes and predicting his deliberate, planned, and resulting actual behavior.Core Assumptions of TPBRational thinking finally enters the picture in this theory were, when employed, results in rational considerations that, in turn, influence and govern the choices, decisions, and behaviors of an individual.The Theory of Planned Behavior upholds the key assumpti ons contained in the Theory of Reasoned Action, with certain modifications of its own.Deriving from the suppositions in TRA, the intentions of the individual largely reflects his personal attitudes, or their perception on the extent of favorability of an act. This will also be influenced by his perceived and cognitive beliefs about the act.Again, just like in TRA, the subjective norms that the individual is exposed or privy to will also have an impact on his intentions. This is in recognition of man being, by nature, a social creature, so that he will no doubt care about what others think or belief. More often than not, if society demonstrates general favorability toward an act, it is highly likely that the individual will think the same, his intentions largely shaped by the extent of approval (and disapproval) by family, friends, co-workers, or pretty much any person he trusts.The intentions and the resulting behaviors of the individual are affected by their perceived behavioral co ntrol, or what they think and believe to be their ability to actually perform or engage in the said behaviors. Succeeding literature on TPB led to the identification of the two clear facets of this perceived behavioral control:Internal control: This is basically how the individual perceives his own control to be like. It focuses on how the individual sees himself as being in control when it comes to performing the specific behavior in question, and this mostly has a lot to do with the sufficiency of his knowledge, skills and abilities, and the amount of discipline he wields while performing the behavior.External control: Other external factors also have a way of shaping how an individual behaves. For example, the acceptance or approval of family, friends, and peers is likely to influence a person into developing a positive attitude toward a behavior, bolstering his intention to see the specific action to the end. Time is also another factor that is external, but will no doubt impact one’s level of behavioral control.The TPB is more cognizant of how it is highly probably for one’s intention to be completely different with behavior is deliberately planned and carried out. This is mostly traced to the divergence of the level of perceived behavioral control with that of the actual control exercised or employed.We will understand this further as we take a look at the TPB Model or TPB Diagram.The TPB ModelAjzen and Fishbein presented the Theory of Planned Behavior Model, or a diagram that simplifies the key concepts of the theory. That model is presented below. © Wikipedia Commons | Robert OrzannaHere is another representation of the same model. © http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2008/01/07105336/3The above diagram clearly presents the key variables of TPB, and they are grouped into three.Behavioral BeliefsAn individual’s behavioral beliefs serve as the link between his Behavior to the Outcome that the behavior is expected to produce or bring about.It is a person’s behavioral beliefs that will have a direct influence on his attitude toward a behavior. If the expected outcome is something favorable, then there is no doubt that he will also have a positive attitude toward the behavior, increasing the likelihood of actual performance.Essentially, the behavioral beliefs of the person will focus on the issue on whether a behavior is favorable or unfavorable.Normative BeliefsIf decisions on actions and behaviors were made solely by the individual, predicting his responses is definitely going to be easy as pie. However, since there are other â€" internal and external â€" factors at play, that is not the case.Normative beliefs involve the key people or characters around the individual, specifically their behavioral expectations as he perceives them to be. On top of that, it is also shaped in part by the level of importance that he places on these people’s expectations. Together, these determine the subjective norm that will play an important part in his decisions on whether to behave in a certain way or not.For example, a person is trying to decide whether he should quit smoking or not. He knows that smoking is something that his spouse, children and the co-workers he is in close proximity with at the office every day, find distasteful or unfavorable.The opinion of his family is very important to him, so he feels that he needs to acquiesce with their preference for him not to smoke. However, it is a different story at the workplace. He could not care less what his co-workers think about his smoking habit, and the absence of a company rule or policy on smoking at work does nothing to motivate him to comp ly with what his co-workers want or expect.As a result, his response is likely to be selective when it comes to smoking. When he’s at home or in the company of his family, he will not smoke. When at work, or with his co-workers, that’s the only time he will feel comfortable about smoking.Control BeliefsYou may perceive the presence of factors (called ‘control factors’) that will have an impact on how the performance of the action will go. These are the control beliefs, which will dictate your perceived behavioral control. Each control factor can be viewed individually, and your perception of the power of one control factor may be different from the power of the other control factors. If there is a high probability that the powerful control factor is present, you are very likely to carry out the action in line with the powerful factor.Let’s go back to the smoking example.One control factor is a company policy on smoking in the workplace. If there is no specific policy or if there is one but it is not enforced, you will perceive the control factor to be weak, with no power at all. If, in contrast, there is a “no smoking within company premises” policy in place, with corresponding sanctions for offenders, it becomes so powerful as to have an influence on your behavioral control, and playing a major role in your consideration on whether to stop smoking at the workplace or not.When combined, all three beliefs will result in your behavioral intention which will inevitably, will lead to the behavior itself. There is a direct relationship between these three elements. If both the attitudes and subjective norms are positive and you strongly believe that you can perform a specific behavior, then it is bound to strengthen your intention and resolve to actually behave in that expected manner.However, if you take a closer look at the model, you will find that your perceived behavioral control does not cease to be relevant once the intention has been developed , since it will still affect the behavior. This means that even after starting the action, there is still a possibility that your perception of your ability to actually carry it through can still affect performance.Scope and Applications of TPBThe Theory of Planned Behavior has found an extensive scope, being used in various fields and industries, and in varied applications. Not surprisingly, it has become widely used in the field of behavioral and psychological research and evaluation studies.Ajzen himself used the TPB in various researches, such as the one he co-wrote on the applicability of TPB to Leisure Choice, published in the Journal of Leisure Research (1992) and, earlier, in 1991, on the applicability of TPB in predicting leisure participation, published in Leisure Sciences.Whether it’s a social issue or a health issue, TPB has found acceptable applicability. Political entities rely on its concepts to predict voting behavior of electorates. Health care facilities, pharmac ological companies, and even governments employ the key concepts of TPB in studying and predicting human behavior on matters such as disease prevention, birth control, and family planning, to name a few.Businesses and organizations also accepted the application of TPB, recognizing its input when it comes to organizational processes and decision-making processes. In fact, even marketers found a great use for TPB, incorporating it in predicting market consumption, as well as the behavior of customers and competitors.What makes the TPB more acceptable than, say, the TRA, is how it is cognizant of factors or elements that are out of the person’s control or full volition. The predictability of intentions and behavior is definitely higher than TRA, or other prior theories on predicting and understanding human behavior.Granted, the TPB is not without its limitations, and the main argument against it is how it puts no value or importance on emotion, which is seen by many as one of the key elements that determine or drive one’s behavior. No doubt, the continuous study on human behavior, particularly on planned and reasoned actions and decisions, will result in better and more encompassing theories in the future. For now, the TPB does a great job at it, which explains its wide usage in various fields and industries.

Theory of Planned Behavior Definition, Explained, Examples

Theory of Planned Behavior Definition, Explained, Examples Have you ever wondered what makes human beings react in the way they do? Imagine how powerful you would become if you had the ability to accurately predict how people would react in different scenarios.With this ability, you would most likely end up a rich car salesman who knows just what to say and do to make customers buy.Human beings are curious by nature and we will always have a tendency to look for the reason behind why people act the way they do. When your set foot into a car yard looking to buy a car, you are bombarded with a number of options. Sometimes, you might even find two closely similar cars on display. After all has been said and done, you will only pick one car.The same is true about work assignments. When you are given a task, you will usually have different possible approaches that you can take. However, you will only end up picking one approach.What could have motivated you to react to the stimulus in the way you did? What could have driven you to choose a specif ic car from dozens of cars in the yard? What influenced your decision-making process that you went through to arrive at a final decision?Certainly, one of the most difficult things to get a firm and full handle on is human behavior. It certainly doesn’t help that individuals are unique in their own ways, and that they cannot be boxed in categories especially when it comes to behavior. Not all people react in the same way, or behave in the same manner, even under the exact same circumstances. There are various factors at play, and these are what psychologists and thinkers have been trying to study and make sense of in the past few decades.Studies on human behavior have resulted in a multitude of theories and assumptions, with psychologists and researchers postulating this or that. Some of them make sense, others made enough of an impact to still be considered valid today, and there are others that have already been generally accepted as fact. In this discussion, we will take a look at one of these assumptions, known as the Theory of Planned Behavior, or TPB.THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIORBefore we can fully proceed to understanding the Theory of Planned Behavior, it is important to retrace the earlier steps that led to its development. There were several earlier theories that contributed to the development of the TPB, and the two most recognizable ones were the Information Integration Theory and the Theory of Reasoned Action.The Information Integration TheoryAfter a series of experiments, Norman Anderson first introduced the Information Integration Theory in 1971. In his theory, Anderson tried to explore and describe how the mixing or combination (integration) of new information with existing thoughts or cognitions results in the formation and/or changes in one’s attitudes. In short, before an individual can make a final or overall judgment, he will still undergo a process of integrating information, d erived from various sources, in aid of arriving at that judgment.Anderson’s theory holds that a persuasive message is composed of ideas, which are relevant pieces or bits of information, with each bit defined by two qualities:Value, or the favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the bit of informationWeight, or the perceived importance of the bit of informationThis is described further in the proposed three functions in the integration process:Valuation, or setting value and weight on the information derived from various sources, with respect to multiple stimuli;Integration, or mixing or combining new information with existing information into one psychological response; andResponse, or the translation of the impression from the integration into an overall observable response or behavior.Basically, it describes how one piece of information can be viewed and perceived differently by two individuals, based on the differences of their value and weight. As an illustration, let us take a look at two female employees talking about the maternity leave and benefits package offered by the company they work for, and why they have differing attitudes toward it.Let’s call the first employee Mary. Mary is newly-wed, with plans of starting a family very soon. Let’s call the second employee Ashley. Unlike Mary, Ashley is committed to being single and prioritizing her career over building a family. For Mary, the package is definitely a good idea, since it is in line with her personal goals. It allows her to start a family and get back to her career. As a result, the package has a positive value.Ashley, on the other hand, does not think the same. The package has negative value because of her opinion that the package merely encourages women to take a long break from work. From her perspective, this long break might derail any career opportunity that might present itself in the interim.Clearly, the package holds more weight for Mary, since it is something that matters to he r (specifically her plans to have children while remaining an employee of the company). It does not hold as much weight for Ashley, since it does not directly affect any of her immediate personal and career plans.Although Ashley may start out looking unfavorably at the maternity package and its implications, the situation is not going to stay that way forever. When she obtains or learns new and positive pieces of information, a change of heart is likely to occur.For example, she may not like the idea of giving up career opportunities in order to get pregnant and have a child. With that said, it’s likely that she is not entirely against the idea of having a child. Her only concern is allowing her career to suffer at the expense of motherhood. What was initially an uncaring attitude about putting family over career may be made lighter or more positive when she starts to know more about the joys of motherhood.In essence, everybody is allowed to have an unfavorable or favorable attitu de about something. However, these attitudes are not set in stone. They, too, can change, thanks to the integration of new information with already existing information. In fact, this integration can completely erase the old attitude and give rise to a new and totally different one, so don’t be surprised when Ashley is suddenly the first to take the package.A really awesome in-depth presentation on the  Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness. The Theory of Reasoned ActionIt was in 1980 when Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen developed and introduced the Theory of Reasoned Action, mainly as an enhancement of Anderson’s Information Integration Theory.The enhancement comes in the inclusion of another factor into the equation: “behavioral intent” (or “behavioral intention”) and how, along with an individual’s pre-existing attitudes, these intentions can predict or even ultimately predict his responses or behaviors. In short, a person’s behavior will be affected or in fluenced, not only by his attitude or perceptions, but also by his expectations, or the anticipated outcomes that the behavior is likely to provide or lead to.The Theory of Reasoned Action, or TRA, theory posits that behavioral intention is shaped by three elements or factors:The individual’s attitude, or personal opinion, on whether a specific behavior is good or bad, positive or negative, favorable or otherwise. The attitude must be specific, since this specificity will allow the prediction in the resulting behavior.The prevailing subjective norms, or the social pressure arising from other people’s expectations, as seen from the individual’s point of view. This, in turn, has two components:The individual’s normative beliefs, or what he perceives to be what other people want or expect; andThe individual’s motivation, or need, to comply with what other people want or expect.The perceived behavioral control of the individual, or his perception of his ability to perform a sp ecific behavior.It is said that the “best predictor of behavior is intention”. To be more specific, we are referring to behavioral intention when we simply say intention, or the “cognitive indication of the readiness of an individual to perform a specific behavior”.Thus, behavioral intention is seen as the precursor immediately leading up to the actual behavior, meaning a person will react or decide, depending on the behavioral intention formed or developed.This relationship between the intention and the actual behavior is influenced by three conditions.The behavioral intention must be specific, in order to predict a specific behavior;The intention must remain constant or stable from the time it is given or measured until the time of actual performance of the behavior; andThe individual has full control on whether to perform the behavior or not, indicating complete volitional control, so that behavior is 100% voluntary.In the Information Integrity Theory, an individual’s a ctions are influenced by his attitudes and perceptions. The TRA recognizes the reality that, although his attitudes indicate a specific behavior, his perceived social norms may contradict it, suggesting an entirely different response or behavior. This combination, which could mean reinforcement or contradiction, as the case may be, will be used to predict his behavioral intention.Let’s face it: an intention is just an intention. It won’t always end up as an action. How many times have you intended to wake up early but you still snoozed when the alarm went off? This nature of an intention also happens to be the major argument against this theory.Here comes another example: You have every intention to quit smoking and you have a commitment to completely abstain from the act and shun cigarettes. However, this intention alone is not enough proof that you will actually do it.This means that the implementation of these intention is usually not 100%.Some behaviors are not totally volun tary. This gave rise to another way of looking at things, and that is the TPB.THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIORThe Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is seen as an improvement to the TRA, often mentioned and discussed with it. This makes sense, since the TPB reinforces and adds to the assumptions in the TRA.The TPB maintains what TRA postulated about human behavior being governed by one’s attitudes and behavioral intentions characterized by the presence of social norms and the exercise of volitional control. However, it incorporates several modifications that allows for greater accuracy and reliability in understanding one’s attitudes and predicting his deliberate, planned, and resulting actual behavior.Core Assumptions of TPBRational thinking finally enters the picture in this theory were, when employed, results in rational considerations that, in turn, influence and govern the choices, decisions, and behaviors of an individual.The Theory of Planned Behavior upholds the key assumpti ons contained in the Theory of Reasoned Action, with certain modifications of its own.Deriving from the suppositions in TRA, the intentions of the individual largely reflects his personal attitudes, or their perception on the extent of favorability of an act. This will also be influenced by his perceived and cognitive beliefs about the act.Again, just like in TRA, the subjective norms that the individual is exposed or privy to will also have an impact on his intentions. This is in recognition of man being, by nature, a social creature, so that he will no doubt care about what others think or belief. More often than not, if society demonstrates general favorability toward an act, it is highly likely that the individual will think the same, his intentions largely shaped by the extent of approval (and disapproval) by family, friends, co-workers, or pretty much any person he trusts.The intentions and the resulting behaviors of the individual are affected by their perceived behavioral co ntrol, or what they think and believe to be their ability to actually perform or engage in the said behaviors. Succeeding literature on TPB led to the identification of the two clear facets of this perceived behavioral control:Internal control: This is basically how the individual perceives his own control to be like. It focuses on how the individual sees himself as being in control when it comes to performing the specific behavior in question, and this mostly has a lot to do with the sufficiency of his knowledge, skills and abilities, and the amount of discipline he wields while performing the behavior.External control: Other external factors also have a way of shaping how an individual behaves. For example, the acceptance or approval of family, friends, and peers is likely to influence a person into developing a positive attitude toward a behavior, bolstering his intention to see the specific action to the end. Time is also another factor that is external, but will no doubt impact one’s level of behavioral control.The TPB is more cognizant of how it is highly probably for one’s intention to be completely different with behavior is deliberately planned and carried out. This is mostly traced to the divergence of the level of perceived behavioral control with that of the actual control exercised or employed.We will understand this further as we take a look at the TPB Model or TPB Diagram.The TPB ModelAjzen and Fishbein presented the Theory of Planned Behavior Model, or a diagram that simplifies the key concepts of the theory. That model is presented below. © Wikipedia Commons | Robert OrzannaHere is another representation of the same model. © http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2008/01/07105336/3The above diagram clearly presents the key variables of TPB, and they are grouped into three.Behavioral BeliefsAn individual’s behavioral beliefs serve as the link between his Behavior to the Outcome that the behavior is expected to produce or bring about.It is a person’s behavioral beliefs that will have a direct influence on his attitude toward a behavior. If the expected outcome is something favorable, then there is no doubt that he will also have a positive attitude toward the behavior, increasing the likelihood of actual performance.Essentially, the behavioral beliefs of the person will focus on the issue on whether a behavior is favorable or unfavorable.Normative BeliefsIf decisions on actions and behaviors were made solely by the individual, predicting his responses is definitely going to be easy as pie. However, since there are other â€" internal and external â€" factors at play, that is not the case.Normative beliefs involve the key people or characters around the individual, specifically their behavioral expectations as he perceives them to be. On top of that, it is also shaped in part by the level of importance that he places on these people’s expectations. Together, these determine the subjective norm that will play an important part in his decisions on whether to behave in a certain way or not.For example, a person is trying to decide whether he should quit smoking or not. He knows that smoking is something that his spouse, children and the co-workers he is in close proximity with at the office every day, find distasteful or unfavorable.The opinion of his family is very important to him, so he feels that he needs to acquiesce with their preference for him not to smoke. However, it is a different story at the workplace. He could not care less what his co-workers think about his smoking habit, and the absence of a company rule or policy on smoking at work does nothing to motivate him to comp ly with what his co-workers want or expect.As a result, his response is likely to be selective when it comes to smoking. When he’s at home or in the company of his family, he will not smoke. When at work, or with his co-workers, that’s the only time he will feel comfortable about smoking.Control BeliefsYou may perceive the presence of factors (called ‘control factors’) that will have an impact on how the performance of the action will go. These are the control beliefs, which will dictate your perceived behavioral control. Each control factor can be viewed individually, and your perception of the power of one control factor may be different from the power of the other control factors. If there is a high probability that the powerful control factor is present, you are very likely to carry out the action in line with the powerful factor.Let’s go back to the smoking example.One control factor is a company policy on smoking in the workplace. If there is no specific policy or if there is one but it is not enforced, you will perceive the control factor to be weak, with no power at all. If, in contrast, there is a “no smoking within company premises” policy in place, with corresponding sanctions for offenders, it becomes so powerful as to have an influence on your behavioral control, and playing a major role in your consideration on whether to stop smoking at the workplace or not.When combined, all three beliefs will result in your behavioral intention which will inevitably, will lead to the behavior itself. There is a direct relationship between these three elements. If both the attitudes and subjective norms are positive and you strongly believe that you can perform a specific behavior, then it is bound to strengthen your intention and resolve to actually behave in that expected manner.However, if you take a closer look at the model, you will find that your perceived behavioral control does not cease to be relevant once the intention has been developed , since it will still affect the behavior. This means that even after starting the action, there is still a possibility that your perception of your ability to actually carry it through can still affect performance.Scope and Applications of TPBThe Theory of Planned Behavior has found an extensive scope, being used in various fields and industries, and in varied applications. Not surprisingly, it has become widely used in the field of behavioral and psychological research and evaluation studies.Ajzen himself used the TPB in various researches, such as the one he co-wrote on the applicability of TPB to Leisure Choice, published in the Journal of Leisure Research (1992) and, earlier, in 1991, on the applicability of TPB in predicting leisure participation, published in Leisure Sciences.Whether it’s a social issue or a health issue, TPB has found acceptable applicability. Political entities rely on its concepts to predict voting behavior of electorates. Health care facilities, pharmac ological companies, and even governments employ the key concepts of TPB in studying and predicting human behavior on matters such as disease prevention, birth control, and family planning, to name a few.Businesses and organizations also accepted the application of TPB, recognizing its input when it comes to organizational processes and decision-making processes. In fact, even marketers found a great use for TPB, incorporating it in predicting market consumption, as well as the behavior of customers and competitors.What makes the TPB more acceptable than, say, the TRA, is how it is cognizant of factors or elements that are out of the person’s control or full volition. The predictability of intentions and behavior is definitely higher than TRA, or other prior theories on predicting and understanding human behavior.Granted, the TPB is not without its limitations, and the main argument against it is how it puts no value or importance on emotion, which is seen by many as one of the key elements that determine or drive one’s behavior. No doubt, the continuous study on human behavior, particularly on planned and reasoned actions and decisions, will result in better and more encompassing theories in the future. For now, the TPB does a great job at it, which explains its wide usage in various fields and industries.

The Importance of Performance Appraisal Schemes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3096 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? In the past few decades organizations are very concerned about the development and orientation of their employee and also pondering on performance management (Murphy Cleveland, 1991). Organizations are following the new patterns of working and doing jobs to adhere the aims and mission of it. To fulfil this new modernized concept of fast and technological revolution they are realizing the importance and implementation of new methods of performance management (Cardy Dobbins, 1994). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Importance of Performance Appraisal Schemes" essay for you Create order Organizations have indentifies the importance of performance appraisal and its as it has been found in the cases of all big multinational companies that they have implemented the performance appraisal systems to enhance the productivity of their employees. There are variety of different perspectives that evident the importance of performance management and its measurement (Whitney, 1994). Organization should present true and fair view of performance appraisal to gain the trust of employees, (Robinson Rousseau, 1994) their loyalty and job satisfaction are the main core of any organizational success. Through rational performance measurement organizations management can get the maximum reliance of employees. This research papers aims to explore the performance appraisal system within the banking sector of Pakistan and its comparative study with JS (Jahangir Siddqui) bank. This research study will also explore the effects of performance appraisal on the employees considering motiv ation, job satisfaction and employee loyalty as key factors in HR function. The Research Topic: To explore the role of performance appraisal system in HR function within the banking sector of Pakistan. Aim: This research aims to investigate the role of performance appraisal system and its effect on employees considering motivation, job satisfaction and employee loyalty as the key factors in HR function within the banking sector of Pakistan and comparative study with JS Bank. Objectives: What is performance appraisal? What are different performance appraisal systems? How appraisal system interlinked with motivation and employee loyalty within banking sector of Pakistan? What are different problems with performance appraisal system? What are different strategies in HR department to enhance productivity? Pakistani Banking Industry: Every country has a main financial regulatory body to cycle all the financial institution; alike State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) is the regulatory body and integral part of financial services. Vision Statement: Our vision is to develop the SBP BSC (Bank) into a strong and dynamic institution, equipped with an efficient and professional human resource base, having the requisite technology and fully capable of providing quality service to stakeholders, while complementing the State Bank of Pakistan in achieving its objective. (SBP, 2011) Mission Statement: To provide reliable banking services to Government, financial institutions, public and to act as an operational arm of State Bank of Pakistan. (SBP, 2011) SBP is taking effective supervision of all financial institutions, this sector comprises of different categories like; commercial banks, non commercial banks, scheduled and non scheduled banks, micro and macro finance banks, development financial institutions, leasing and investment banks, agri-finance institutions, brokers and discount houses, venture capital companies, modarbas and musharika companies (Islamic banking) stock exchange and insurance companies. Thus SBP is carrying all the financial services within its umbrella (SBP, 2011). As a central financial body of a developing country, it has many economic, traditional and developmental function to gain the macroeconomic goals. Traditional functions are categorize as: issuance of currency, regulating the interest rates (IRR), balance of payments, keep an eye on inflat ion and deflation, supervision of all other sub-financial institutions, lender and last resort, regulating the monetary policy, bankers bank, governments bank and other functions are: management of foreign exchange, public debts, government debts and also to make understanding and negotiations with international financial bodies i-e; International monetary fund (IMF). SBP is also making frame work for the saving and investment patterns. All interest rates (six month KIBOR, nine Month KIBOR) also monitored by SBP. The main developmental function SBP is performing in current time is the Islamization of all banking infrastructure (SBP, 2011). Being an integral part of Pakistans economy SBP is trying to regulate all its departments in most effective and professional way. Insight to SBPs Human Resource Department: State Bank of Pakistan always give confidence to fresh banking graduates to be a part of its operations to get the wide knowledge of banking sector. It also offers the employees the chance of endorsement and rotation within bank by posting internal jobs. This opportunity enables the employees to meet their personal aims and objectives in their banking career (SBP, 2011). Quite few units are working under HR department of SBP. Performance Management Unit (PMU) is main authority for carrying performance measurement and appraisal process and suggests the employees to increase their annual goals that will definitely smooth the progress of them to get the promotional objectives and also rise in the salaries (SBP, 2011). The Reward Recognition Unit (RRU) is the main unit that gives the notion of and recognition of personal and professional milestones of an employees and also acknowledge the services within bank by giving ground-breaking business practices. This unit encourages emp loyees to take part in the decision making process to increase their trust on organization and they are held responsible for enhancing the corporate name in the public. To bring about this recognition an admiration letters are being issued by RRU and also some monetary rewards (SBP, 2011). The Succession Planning Unit (SPU) weighs up and measures the employees performance and their skills through different tools and also tries for the development, orientation and training needs of new employees and the potential successors (SBP, 2011). There is a separate unit called Employee Motivation Retention Unit (EMRU) that is responsible for conducting different surveys to check the level of employees motivation, their job satisfaction level and also the loyalty of employees with SBP. This unit also works on the frame work of different strategies to get the maximum efforts from employee by polishing their skills (SBP, 2011). The Job Evaluation Unit (JEU) measure the job posts and al so the position and its structure to ensure that job is done by a capable person and it is performed well with certain grade points (SBP, 2011). The amalgamation of all units working under HR department makes it a well functioned department. Following part will be putting light on JSBL bank and its operation. Jahangir Siddiqui Bank Limited (JSBL): Jahangir Siddiqui is the merger of two giant banks of Pakistani banking industry, Jahangir Siddiqui Investment Bank Limited and American Express Bank Limited Pakistan (JSBL, 2011). Vision Statement: To provide quality and innovative range of banking services and products to our customers by a highly motivated team of professionals whilst maintaining high ethical and regulatory standards thereby, generating sustainable returns to our shareholders. (JSBL, 2011). Mission Statement To be a preferred partner of our customers by providing complete financial solutions exceeding service expectations, though a single relationship via conventional and non conventional, conveniently accessible distribution channels. (JSBL, 2011). JSBL is a big wing of Jahangir Siddiqui investment and securities and a unification of two banks, It originate its operation as a scheduled bank with SBP on December 2006 with a innovated investment practices. JS bank is one of the premier in the brokering and discounting licence from State Bank of Pakistan. Besides the banking services the primary objective of JS bank is to provide quality financial solutions to all common customer of bank. They are issuing new and innovative products for the customer to give them maximum ease in modernised banking (JSBL, 2011). Js bank is performing multiple services and activities which can be categories as follows: Retail and Consumer Banking Treasury Securities Corporate Commercial Banki ng Investment Banking (JSBL, 2011) These departments are performing innovative solution with technological ease to final customer plus JSBL is also opening its branches all over the country and going international in coming year (JSBL, 2011). Insight to JSBLs Human Resource Department: ? Rational of Study: The system that indentifies the Performance evaluation and review is called Performance Appraisal system. Performance appraisal system highlights the individual and groups performance over the period of time and reviews for the promotion and raise in monetary funds. To get the real meaning of performance appraisal system can be elaborated to the concept of performance management. Performance Management can be define as: An approach to create shared vision of the purpose and aims of the organization, helping each individual employee understand and recognise their in contribution to them, and in so doing manage and enhance the performance of both individuals and the organization. (Fletcher, 1992) Performance management is a process where it describes the performance of individuals that shapes a group and become the collective success of the organization with the set of objectives, time period, reviewing the performance and recognition of the performance with rewards (Connock , 1991). The main objective of performance management is to show the real picture of the employees performance over a period of time and this can be achieved through framed standards (Beaumont, 1993). In the Performance management the appraisal system is the most significant part where it may be define a structural and formal system that helps the manager and subordinate to interact with each other to evaluate performance. This interaction usually comes into process annually of semi-annually in shape of some structured interview or questionnaire; in this process supervisor examines the performance of subordinate where supervisor indentifies strengths and weaknesses and also highlights the area of improvements (Connock, 1991). In different sectors of economy including banking sector results of appraisal of employees are use for the future employee planning, their rewards management and promotion. These rewards are directly or indirectly linked with the recognition of employees milestones in the personal and professional skills. Thus this indentifies the rise in pay, cash bonuses, promotions and job satisfaction majorly (Beaumont, 1993). As performance appraisal encourages the good performers on the same hand performance appraisal also highlights the poor performers and tells about their weak areas and it helps the management to remove the leaning hurdles and makes them to achieve the set objectives and aims. Plus this system also indentifies the employee who needs guidance and counselling from management to improve their performance at work. Organization believe that performance appraisal is best tool to see into deep about the levels of employees and their performances and making the decision about their rise in salary, promotions, demotions and penalties. There are many factors influencing performance appraisals systems at work. Internal and external factors always plays an important role in appraising the employees. Internal factors could be labo ur unions, managements attitude, the employees behaviour and their stance in the direction of work. External factors are legislations in relation to the employees. Labour union always get into the matters of employees well being at work and also in their personal lives so that they can give their full at work. But some time it may give the negative effect on performance appraisal and ask the management to give promotion or rise in the salary on the bases on seniority. Internal factors can also affect the performance appraisal in shape of bad corporate culture that can be a big hurdle in the performance management. The main objective is to set the specific goals and make framework of getting those objective, for all this management should inform the employee that what is expected from their jobs and what should they do to make hundred percent out of it. At the end management sees and evaluates on the whole performance and also communicate this efforts to employees. This communication also develops relationship between employees and supervisors. As the managers are aware of the importance and criticality of performance appraisal, and its ultimate effect on the motivation, loyalty, job satisfaction plus its has a big effect on the growth and success of the organization, so while documenting, communicating, and describing the job particulars, they are more concerned. It has been noticed that in the current time, job performance systems have improved a lot, but still the outcomes shows that it has negative effects on the job satisfaction and motivation of the employees and if it is not been appraised systematically. So, it results in counter of an organization that employees are demoralised and also lose their loyalty, which affects the organizational aims and objectives. Human resource officials use performance appraisal for decision making such as planning payments and salary scale of the employees, they also determine what professional developments are needed to equip their employees with a proper feedback. Performance appraisal could also help the officers to decide what are the factors that can be employed to increase the productivity of employees (Natalie Ann 2005). Performance appraisal is a system in which HR managers measures the performance of the employee, either he is performing his job rightly, is he achieving what organization wants from his job, what is his behaviour and attitude towards his job, either he is showing positivity towards his job, is he the right employee for the right job, as all this comes under the HR function of an organization (Randhawa 2007). The main objective of performance appraisal is to make assurance that employees performance is up to the mark, to communicate this job performance measurement makes the employee enable to enhance his productivity and cover his loopholes where he is lagging behind. The main objective behind performance appraisal is make insure that organizational goals are being m et, because meeting organizational objective is a individual as well collective efforts. Strategic objectives on banking sector and any financial institution are to multiply their profits by gaining the top performance from its employees. By monitoring employees performance, they actually see what is the criticality of the importance and the effect that job is making on the organizational objectives. An effective performance appraisal must have collaboration between the management and the subordinates. An employee should work according to the job description, which is decided by the immediate manager, by this there will be no conflict between management and the works. An object of performance appraisal is to influence the employees job performance with the systematic process appraisal, what are the major impacts on the employees to get the certain level of motivation to improve the productivity of the organization as well as the job satisfaction (Natalie Ann 2005). In the past t he wholly purpose of performance appraisal was just to calculate the financial position of the company, either it has made some progress in terms on monetary , what influence it has made on the department growth and what are the effects of performance of the organizational objectives but now the things are getting change, now researchers are seeing beyond the monetary terms, they are not discussing the financial aspect but they are measuring the job performance in terms of employees job satisfaction and his level of motivation, because ultimately the manpower of an organization is its labour force, if this labour force is getting what they want then they will perform according to the job description they have with them within their departments. In the banking sector as credit crunch has been taken place all of the investment and financing in Pakistan has stopped, it has very negative impact on the employees working in the banking industry, and the HR department of the banks are a ctually working on the moral and motivation of the employees. There are different techniques and method used for the performance appraisal, and it gives an outline to measures the performance, that are in use of different organizational and it also varies from industry to industry, there are no hard and fast rules to use specific performance appraisal systems, but it always suggested to use same performance criteria within one organizational and it applies to all of the employees. These models and techniques include, Six Sigma, Balance Scorecard, 360 degree feedback, etc. These models and techniques to measures the performance is widely in use of many MNCs and local organizations, in the banking industry of Pakistan and in JS bank. While designing performance appraisal management should keep in view the nature and type of the business to conducts these performance management techniques, in the performance management 360 Degree is common and Six sigma is operational management tec hniques both leads to performance appraisal measurement and where the HR function is able to the appraisal and it involves the motivational factors, employee loyalty, and job satisfaction aspects. Extensive and appropriate use of these techniques will makes the appraisal very unbiased (Natalie Ann 2005). Employees motivation and job satisfaction can never push aside, as these are elementary aspects of any Job, in the process of appraisal system employee always aspects the some feedback from the employees which gives him motivation and the satisfaction from the job done, so these are the complementary part of any job. when any employee is being appraised then he always gets the communication and feedback of that appraisal and it actually indicated the level of satisfaction of job the employee has and plus the loyalty he has for the organization. In the banking industry, as the recession hits and many of the employees being fired so at time of performance appraisal, employee are so d issatisfied as they dont know when they are going to part of sacked list of employees, keeping in this view, the performance appraisal system plays role in the Hr department to indicated the key factors such as motivation, job satisfaction and loyalty (Caruth and John 2008). Performance appraisal plays in managing human resources (Cardy Dobbins, 1994), there has been a great deal of research conducted to understand appraisals. Murphy and Cleveland (1991) says much of this research has focused on such issues as appraisal formats and minimizing bias from raters. Rating the performance appraisal and giving the feedback is not an easy task for the HR department, as the criteria of apprising is the job is a complex job, there are contain strategies underlying to make more accurate than the traditional ways, and the likelihood of correct appraisal will be increased. These strategies can categories as some practical training to the HR officials , new learning techniques, method should be true n fair for all set of employees, transparent, and should be computerized so there are no chances on intermingled results which will removes the chances of favouritism, very main strategy and objective of the performance appraisal that it should be conduct for the motivation of the employees not the negative aspect associated with it, as it will decrease the morale of the employees. There should be some reward or bonus announced so this will be stimulation for other employees and they will try to excel their jobs too, proper communication and feedback session should be introduced so the employee come to know their loopholes (Natalie Ann 2005).

Beliefs and Ideals of Democrats and Republicans - 954 Words

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Parties have grown increasingly divided in the past years on all major policy dimensions in American politics, Democrats have become more liberal and Republicans have become more conservative and independents are also leaning towards sides now a days. In fact, I believe that political

Achilles Vs. Hector Of The Iliad - 910 Words

Achilles vs. Hector The Iliad is an epic poem usually attributed to Homer. The poem narrates the story of the war between the Greeks and the Trojans, known as the Trojan War. The Trojan War started when Paris of Troy took Helen, wife of Menelaus, to his homeland. Angry by the kidnapping of his wife, Menelaus (king of Sparta) asks his brother the King Agamemnon (king of the Achaeans) to march to war against the Trojans. The war is fought in the outskirts of Troy, and lasted ten years. The importance of this war is that it marks the end of the Heroic era. The protagonists in the poem are Achilles of the Achaean army, and Hector of the Trojan army. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast Achilles and Hector by discussing their similitudes and roles in the Trojan War. Achilles, son of Peleus and the sea nymph Thetis, leader of the Myrmidon is the greatest warrior of the Achaeans. The poem starts with a plague brought down on the Greeks by Apollo when Agamemnon refuses to give back Chryseis, daughter to Chryses. After nine days Achilles decides to make an assembly to solve the problem, Agamemnon decides to give Chryseis back, but he takes Briseis from Achilles. Insulted by Agamemnon, Achilles decides to stop fighting for Agamemnon and him and his troops go back home. This tells us that Achilles has issues controlling his pride and the rage that surges when someone insults his pride. It is just after the death of Patroclus that Achilles redirects his rage towardsShow MoreRelatedThe Iliad Vs. Troy1692 Words   |  7 PagesSlater Poem vs Film The Iliad vs â€Å"Troy† Achilles and Hector fighting with Athena and Apollo on both sides of the Warriors Introduction Written by the ancient Greek poet, Homer, The Iliad was an epic documented on the nearly 10-year long war between the Trojans and the Greeks. Although the epic had occurred in 1194–1184 BC, the epic was passed down through generations, orally, until Homer wrote the Iliad 500 years after the Trojan war in 750 BC. An adaptation of the Homers’ Iliad is David Benioff’sRead MoreAchilles vs. Hector Essay689 Words   |  3 PagesAchilles vs. Hector In the Iliad is a very interesting epic with features two main central characters that are similar in some ways but totally different in other ways. In this epic you will be introduced to Hector and Achilles. Two men from each side in the great Trojan-Greek war. They were both heroes to their people despite their clearly different contrast in their personalities. In this paper I will highlight the life of both of these two leaders of the Greek and Trojans in this epic theRead MoreComparison Between The Odyssey And The Iliad1068 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribes an outcry against death; whereas in the Iliad death is portrayed as an accomplishment., Both were in the times that is also known as Before Common Era, or BCE. It is known that Iliad begins 10 years before the great Seige of Troy and eventually the odyssey had begun a couple years after that(Classical Lit). When Homer had written these novels it is clear that they have numerous lines, and Homer had written both. In the novel The Iliad it consists of fifteen thousand, six – hundredRead More Troy vs. The Iliad Essays1385 Words   |  6 PagesTroy vs. The Iliad Over the thousands of years that the epic story the Iliad has survived, there has no doubt been some form of alteration to Homer’s original. Last May, Wolfgang Petersen directed a movie based on the Iliad. This movie, Troy, has proven to be a very loose adaptation of Homer’s original, as are almost all stories that are made into movies, unfortunately. With its timeless storyline, amazing scenery, gorgeous actors/actresses and most of all, its reported two hundred millionRead MoreComparing Homer s Iliad With Wolfgang Petersen s Film Troy Essay2192 Words   |  9 PagesIn my response I am going to compare Homer’s Iliad with Wolfgang Petersen’s film Troy. The points I am going to compare are the fight between Paris and Menelaus, the role of the gods, the death of Patroclus and the fight between Hector and Achilles. The Iliad is an epic poem consisting of 23 books by Homer, which focuses on 50 days in the ninth year of the Trojan War, whereas the movie Troy directed by Wolfgang Petersen tells the whole 10 year story of the myth. 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This paper will compare and contrast the medieval Germanic hero Beowulf with the classical Greek hero Achilles (of Homers Iliad), and show how the two are similar and how the two are different. The first way in which both characters areRead MoreHow Does Homer Use The Effectiveness Of Ajax s Speech1723 Words   |  7 PagesAjax’s speech, specifically Ajax’s similarities to Achilles and the speech’s focus on the Greek value of timÄ“ (one’s honor or how one is perceived by others), to reveal the motivations and nature of Achilles. In book IX of the Iliad, Ajax, known primarily for his brute strength and martial prowess, delivers the speech Achilles finds most compelling. Conversely, Odysseus, although the most adept orator sent, is the least effective in convincing Achilles to rejoin the war. In my opinion, this is becauseRead MoreAchilles Character Essay2130 Words   |  9 Pagesamp; Comp 6th hour 2 November 2012 The Character of Achilles Achilles is the main character in Homer’s The Iliad translated by Robert Fagles. The Iliad is the story of the battle of Troy, in which Greek heroes fight and die, with much interference from the various gods and goddesses. The story ends when Achilles gives Hector’s body back to King Priam and Hector is buried. Homer uses a number of different literary devices to illustrate Achilles’ character development, such as his actions, what otherRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad 3570 Words   |  15 PagesInterdisciplinary Studies Dr. Packer Eric G. Shuping March 3, 2015 Final Paper Homer’s poem, The Iliad, explains to us how the Trojan War started with Paris stealing Menelaus wife, Helen, and affected the lives of the Greek and Trojan people. The gods and warriors all desire to earn their honor to prove they are great, which Homer proves that it ends disastrously at times. Homer’s definition of honor in Iliad shows us that the gods, Greeks, and Trojans will do anything to prove their honor, while in