Ethiopia and Eritrea Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Ethiopia and Eritrea - Research Paper Example After about four decades of enjoyment of its sovereign right, Ethiopia is once more on the verge of permanently becoming a landlocked country. The present governing body of Ethiopia has approved and signed the Algiers Agreement that might make their nation landlocked (Healy & Plaut, 2007). If the opposition, triumphs in the next election or any election afterward, it might officially condemn the Algiers Agreement and insist on a new arrangement that identifies the right of accessing the sea. It is deemed accessing the sea is one of the burning topics that contributed to the achievement of the opposition and the decreasing support of the government in the last election. In this thesis, this paper will argue that Ethiopia has a legal right of accessing the sea as accepted by the regulations of the UN General Assembly of 1950, which was executed accordingly by merging Eritrea to Ethiopia. This paper recognizes the right of self-government along with the independence of the Eritrean citizens. Even though, it recognizes the independence of Eritrea, it also recognizes the sovereign right of accessing the sea by Ethiopia. The legal system that governs the territorial disagreements between Eritrea and Ethiopia is the treaty between UN and Ethiopia. The treaty was also referred to as the agreement between Ethiopia and the Victorious Four Powers of World War II in line with Eritrea, which was merged to Ethiopia, in 1952. The citizens of Eritrea fought for their fate and have become sovereign. Their desires have been accomplished by the blood that they paid during the fight for their independence (Healy & Plaut, 2007). The treaty of the Four Powers and Ethiopia is about the deliberation of the security of East Africa and the rightful need of Ethiopia to access the sea. In reality, the main purpose and objective of the treaty is the right of Ethiopia to access the sea. However, the people who appear to benefit mainly from the treaty are the Eritreans. The basis of any agreement that is meant to resolve the territorial disagreements between Eritrea and Ethiopia should adapt the recommendation of the United Nations General Assembly of 1950, as well as the international law, which gives Ethiopia the right to access the sea. Background The Horn of Africa, which comprises of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia, is approximately three-quarters of a million square miles in the northeast of Africa (Interna tional Group Crisis, 2003). The region borders hundreds of kilometers of the Arabian Sea. It also lies along the southern border of the Gulf of Aden. Ethiopia stands at the center of the Horn of Africa. The country is bordered by Eritrea 912 km, Djibouti 349 km, Somalia 1600 km and Kenya 861 km, as well as Sudan 1606 km. The country shares diverse cultural groups with its neighbors (International Group Crisis, 2003). There is a wide range of ethnic groups living in Ethiopia, Kenya and Sudan. The

Leadership And Change Management

Leadership And Change Management Leadership is a sequence of multidirectional, reciprocal influence processes among many individuals at different levels, in different subunits and within executive teams (Yukl 1994, p. 459). It is the way to acheive the gaol and motivate the people to do best. Leadership is the source of inspiration and it shows the action and way of acts to do. Leadership is considered as a product of complex social relationships (Dachler 1988). Current theoretical approaches on leadership research is concern about a greater extent role of leadership research which describe and give some understanding and recommends for effective leader behaviour and normative models. They focus more on explanations of leadership processes, describing leader behaviours, and present why behaviours occur in certain situations. If there are behavioural recommendations are available it means this is usually done more carefully and rarely without any philosophy that anything is possible. Current leadership theories are a ccepting the limits which have leader influence. The best leaders are those most interested in surrounding themselves with assistants and associates smarter than they are. They are frank in admitting this and are willing to pay for such talents.(Amos Parrish). Leader is a person who rules or guides or inspires others(Andrew, 2007). A leader is a person having personality which others want to follow him. They may not always make right decisions but they are confident in hte decion making and they know when they should change their directions and why. Even after a few mistakes a leader will not lose his or her followers confidence . Leaders are recognised, not chosen or selected. In short, leaders have something extraordinary in their personality to inspire their followers. They have the qualities that the others dont have. It is an intengible characteristic that cannot be explained. But hte truth is that when we see it, we will recognise it. Contemporary theoretical concepts have assumptions that leadership has to be understood. Following Hunts classification leadership approaches on a continuum from objectivistic to subjectivistic (Hunt 1991), they are more likely to present it as subjectivistic purpose. If traditional patterns of explanation included in the content of newer approaches, contemporary theories, these are generally have to be understood as an advantage of classical theory. There are some particular people that others follow them, they like there style, work and extraordinary activities. If we look at organisational events, there is someone who have the leadership qualities, these are people who are willing to order and tell the other people what they have to do and what to do, and have the respect of other people or gain that respect. Many images made by inspirations from leadership. They have their own identity and fame in the world. Special individuals like, Hitler, Jinnah, Gandhi or Napoleon. The story around these people show that they passed from so many crisis where acts of one person who is the leading peosonality, are meaningful and people admire to follow decision of their leader. Leaders have the ability to decide, what can do and what they have to do and they deliver thier message to others to communicate and pass thier message to others. When these are absent or cannot deliver their ideas then there may be problem. Quality of leadership is success of groups and organisations. There are so many definitions for the leadership quality. There are so many leadership qualities and four main things are to lead influence on others. Second, where there are leaders and there are followers as well. Third, leaders must appear or involve when there is crisis or special problem. The leaders have quality that they se em to come visible when an innovative action from other side is required. Fourthly, leaders are the people who know that what they have to do and what they should do in future and why they should impliment their stretegy. So, leaders are the people who have clear vision about the thinking and decision that what they should do in uncertain situations and who have the effecting personility in the actions, thoughts and positive views and thinking of others. In this case, leaders qualities are personal. It depends on individuals qualities and actions. Leader can be manager or expert. May be not all managers can be leaders and not all leaders can be managers. In literature of leadership there have been four generations of theories: Trait theories. Behavioural theories. Contingency theories. Transformational theories. Leaders are person who are able to explain themselves(Warren Bennis,2004). If we get the knowledge about the lives of people who have marked that they are the great personalities or great effective leaders, it make it clears that they have very different qualities. If we think about political personalities like Nelson Mandela, Ghandi, Margeret Thatcher and Mao Zedong then we will confirm that these are the personalities who have great impact on the followers. The general qualities or traits should be in leaders. Stogdill (1948) and Mann (1959) reported in a survey that many studies have resulted that the personality and characteristics differentiate leaders from thier followers(Stogdill,1948). John Gardner(1989) studied a large number of North American organisations and leaders and conclude that there are some qualities or behaviours that appear in a leader. These include:  · Physical, mentally and mind making stamina  · Most Intelligence and action taking judgement  · Crucuial to accept responsibility and challenges  · Task accepting  · Understanding of people and meet and fullfil their needs  · Skill in communication with people and followers.  · Courage to acheive their goal  · Courage to motivate people  · Resolution  · Trustable personality and attitude  · Courage to decieve  · Self confidence . Couraging personality  · Challenges accepting personality We mostly have heard that leaders lists concerns their apparent maleness (Rosener, 1997). Rarely, we heard that women is leader. The attributes which are related with leadership are mostly male. May be the leadership characteristics are gendered and mostly these characteristics are in male. The behaviour of leader also counts. They moved from leader to leadership. If leaders are liked and respected then they can have more support and backup from their followers. The successful leadership is based on definable and learnable behaviours i.e, leaders are made, not born. These extensive and systematic studies aimed to identify behaviors associated with effective group leadership. Blake and Mouton (1964) developed the Managerial Grid which categorised leaders based on their dominant behaviours. These researchers were making progress in indentifying what behavior distinguished from followers. These behaviours could be taught. That is why these researchers conclude that leaders are made, not born. Although behavioural approaches to leadership offered a wider scope than trait theory. Researchers are unable to identify a specific set of leadership behaviours. Contingency Theory operates on the premise that the leaders ability is based on different situations and the structure of the task at hand of the leaders (Fred Feidler,2001). Fred Feidler argued that leader effectiveness depends on two related factors one is that the leadership style and the education or situation which force the person to become a leader. He also developed a scale (LPC) to measure the degree to which a persons leadership style tended towards the followers. There are four leader behaviours: directives, supportive, participative and achievement oriented and also attempts to account for many more achievement factors than previous studies (R.J.House and T.R.Mitchells Path goal Theory (1974)). Path goal theory explain how and why certain leader behaviours result in desired outcomes. This theory suggest that leaders are basically responsible for helping their followers develop behaviours that leads to achieve their goal or desired outcome. Victor.H.Vroom and Philip. W. Yetton (1973) suggest the use of co-operative decision making in an organisational context. They create a decion tree to answer the questions about the nature of the followres and problem to be resolved. A leader can determine what sort of leadership style should be used by following the useful ideas of the decision tree. Transactional leadership is basically in contingncy and is contingnt upon performance . The leader, who have power and control over his or her employees or followers, provides new ideas or suggestions for followers to do what the leader wants. The research depends on its limitations. Transactional approach is carried on with the supply and demand situation. However, transactional leadership is less effective than others and it needs more approaches. Transactional leadership works on the assumption that people follow the person who inspires them. The latter is a process in which all leaders and followers can help and familiarise everyone with the new ideas and their thoughts (Jamess. Burns ,1978). He introduced the concepts of both transactional and transformational leadership. This approach creates significance change in the life of people and organisations. (Bernard.M. Bass, 1985) contrasts transformational leadership with transactional leadership. While transactional leadership simply involves an exchange that leads to desired outcomes, transformational leadership motivates the people to do more than expectations( Bass, 1985). Recent theories on leadership are the process in which leaders are not considered as individuals in charge of the followers, but are consider as members of a community of practice. This community can be defined that the people combine their ideas and share history and familiarise the people with the way of communication. This model of leadership do not concentrate on the concept of dominance, motivation and influence which are the primary situations of leadership. If the workgroup is one where groups of people are engaged in activity together then leadership becomes the process of coordinating efforts. In todays world of corporate America, mostly people belief that it is possible to provide the education facility to make them a leader. But In my point of view Leaders are born not made(Adison,1995 ). We mostly see the people in promoted. But in many there are no special qualities to effect or attract the people or their followers (Everett Lockhart). Nowadays we have a lot of managers and supervisor but there are few which are leader and having leadership qualities. Sure, everyone can be a good manager or supervisor but everyone by nature is a manager or supervisor(Everett Lockhart, 1991). It is not the case that every leader is a manager first, but it is also can be possible that leader can give up the information to the manager and the fact is that, everyone by nature having management and supervising personality and qualities. We often point out one person and say, now he is a leader, without thinking that how the person becomes leaders? And how they can attract the people. Sometimes we can say that it is the genetic quality which is in some of the people or we can say that it may be God gifted quality. Those people have this gene, they get to lead. They have all the ability to make decision. There is some good saying that Leadership DNA is myth. There are the natural or God gifted abilities in the leaders personality. These abilities are present in some of us other do not have these abilities and qualities which leads to leadership. The main quality in the leadership is that they have command to give up their ideas and they know how and which ideas effect the people. The desire to lead is the motivational quality that put them to lead the followers. Obviously there are people who dominate on their followers. They dominate on them because of abilities and good decision-making. They are the good and attractive leaders among us and have the excellent performance. Leadership is the collection of skills that produce results. They are able to identify the requirement of their followers and they direct them on the right way to success. Leaders can learn leadership ideas and can get all the information in so many ways for example it also provide training observation on other leaders. Self study etc. Development is the key factor which opens the leadership getaway. It is the an increase in skills or abilities and a continuously learning process through life experiences. No one can be a leader just by saying that I am a leader. Leadership needs to be work hard. The main keys of leadership are as follows; Leadership involves in the critical situations and solve them by giving ideas. So good leaders analyse and plan and adapt their plans to new conditions and opportunities. Leaders have a vision and they share their vision as well. A leader takes charge. They cannot just talk a good game to be a leader; they also can take ac and take effective action for the good of our small business and leader inspires through example. In conclusion, leaders are the effective personalities. Their act, behaviour and decision making policies show their leadership qualities. There are some classical view also in this leadership overview. In which its described that how commentators have searched for special leading personalities and behaviours and look at the different circumstances. Classical views of leadership tend to identified by position. Where, leaders become focus for answers and solution. People look at them when they dont know what to do. They give direction and have vision. Leaders have special qualities. These create the difference between leaders and followers. This leadership view stands for forms of organisations that are common in business. Where the purpose is to achieve the goal in short period of time. Classical leaders can have a more participating style. They have power and opportunity to take responsibilities. It can be a great- man model of leadership. The leadership traits or qualities discussed are honesty, forward-looking, competent, inspiring and intelligent. (Kouzes and Posner, 1984). These qualities are strongly correlated with people. Leaders are made, they are not born. They are made by hard effort, which is the price which all of us must pay to achieve any goal that is worthwhile. (Vince Lombardi). True leaders are rare. This is because of combination of skills, personality and ambition. Some personality traits are natural in leaders roles. This is the trait theory. Extraordinary qualities in an ordinary person which help him or her to leadership. This is the Great Events Theory. People can learn leadership skills. This is the Transformational Leadership Theory(Bernard Bass and Don Clark,2010). These thories discribes the leadership traits. Leadership And Change Management Leadership And Change Management Change refers to any alteration which occurs in over all work environment of an organization. It may relate to change in technology, organizational structure, working processes, work environment, organizational policy and even the roles people play. Introduction of change in one part in an organization forces change in other part. If the change is beneficial people accept it willingly. If it is not desirable, there is great resistance. If it is of no consequence to the people, they may adopt an attitude of indifference. If they consider the change detrimental to their growth and prosperity, they may resist through counter pressure. This reaction is based not necessarily on the reality or facts but on their perception. The change therefore should be sufficiently strong enough to overcome the counter pressure. Due to advancement of technology and social environment change has become a necessity. If the change takes place, a balance or equilibrium is achieved by the organization. Thus p eople learn to expect various environment relationships within the organization. They learn adaptation. The essence is that when people feel that there is need to change, and when they change, they actually are adjusting to changed situation thus equilibrium is achieved with the changed environment. This process carries on and is never ending because change takes place continuously. 1.1 Change Processes 1Lewin developed a theoretical structure to deal with change process and carried out a program of search on change. The result was a good theory that has indeed turned out to be very practical. Recent work suggests that Lewins force-field analysis applies within a limited domain and that Lewins views are less applicable beyond the boundaries of that domain. Lewins views on change came under attack as simplistic and outmoded, but today they continue to receive strong support (Burnes 2004) 1.2 Lewins Force Field Theory of change 2As we know a wide variety of forces make organizations resistance to change and a wide variety of forces push organizational change. According to his force-field theory, these two sets of forces are always in opposition in an organization. When the forces are evenly balanced, the organization is in state of inertia and does not change. To get an organization to change, managers must find a way to increase the forces for change, reduce resistance to change or do both simultaneously. Any of these strategies will overcome inertia and cause an organization to change. The following figure illustrates Lewins theory. An organization at performance level P1 is in balance: forces for change and resistance to change are equal. Management , however ,decides that the organization should strive to achieve performance level P2.To get level P2 , managers must increase the forces for change(the increase is represented by lengthening of up-arrows) ,reduce resistance to change(the reduction is represented by shortening of down-arrows),or do both. If they pursue any of the three strategies successfully, the organization will change and reach performance level P2. 1.3 Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change in Organizations Evolutionary change is gradual, incremental and narrowly focused. Evolutionary change involves not drastic or sudden altering of the basic nature of an organizations strategy and structures but a constant attempt to improve, adapt, and adjust strategy and structures but a constant attempt to improve, adapt, and adjust strategy and structure incrementally to accommodate to changes taking place in the environments. Revolutionary Change is rapid, dramatic and broadly focused. Revolutionary change involves a bold attempt to quickly find new ways to be effective. It is likely to result in a radical shift in ways of doing things, new goals and new structure. It has repercussions at all levels in the organization-corporate, divisional, functional, group and individual. Reengineering, restructuring and innovation are three important instruments of revolutionary change. 2.0 My Organizations study 3The history of Nokia goes back 1865 when the company was established as a forest industry enterprise in south-western Finland on the Nokia River by a mining engineer called Frerik Idestam.This was not particularly remarkable event as numerous forest industry enterprise existed in Finland at the time. Later, Nokia came into contact with two enterprises that were outside the traditional forest industry. These firms were the Finnish Rubber works Ltd (founded 1898) and the Finnish Cable Works Ltd (founded in 1912).The gradual concentration of the ownership of these companies led in 1966 to the establishment of Nokia Corporation, into which all the above-mentioned companies were merged. Nokia grew fairly rapidly in 1970s and 1980s, partly because of the then-flourishing (bilateral) Soviet trade, which was boosted by the oil crises in 1973 and 1980.When the Soviet trade collapsed in 1991.Nokia ran into difficulties. Serious consideration was given to selling Nokia in its entirely to the Swedish company Ericsson , but the merger did not materialize .Nokias solution to the crises was to concentrate on the production of the electronics( and thus to abandon the production of paper and pulp ,tires , rubber boots ,cables and so on) ,to invest massively in R D and to adapt a new management strategy that relied extensively on domestic and foreign subsidiaries and subcontractors .Nokia also actively sought to become a genuinely international firm By Finnish standards , the management strategy was really revolutionary because previously companies had tried to be as self-sufficient as possible in production .Nokia decided to concentrate solely on final product and on the high tech end of the production .Nokias new strategy also involved investment in R D .Besides investing heavily in research and development , Nokia created a very useful network of research contacts between universities and itself .This cooperation has been of great benefit to both Nokia and Finnish universities. Currently , Nokia accounts for more than 20 percent of Finlands total exports and its growth contribution is estimated at 1.5 percent .Nokia alone accounts for about 40 percent of the R D expenditures by private enterprises in Finland .Moreover , it accounts for 70 percent of the stock market value of the Helsinki Stock market Almost 60 percent of Nokias workforce is currently outside Finland .Its success shows up most dramatically in its earnings and market capitalization values. Thus, in 1999 Nokias profits equaled the combined profits of its two main rivals Ericsson and Motorola and its market capitalization was over $ 200 million almost twice Finlands GDP 2.1 Nokia Environmental Analysis There are several forces surrounding the external environment of Nokia including demographic, economical, natural, social-cultural, technological and political-legal environment The Demographic Forces 4Population-wise, Europe is made up of five largish countries (France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain) , with Germany well ahead with some 82 million inhabitants. The rest are small countries with only Netherland qualifying as middle-sized country. Urbanization is highest in Belgium and Israel and lowest in Switzerland, Finland, and Italy. This is modestly correlated with population density , the Netherlands being the most crowded , followed closely by Belgium and then three of the big five: the United Kingdom ,Germany , and Italy; the least crowded countries are Sweden and Finland The Economical Forces People in Europe are reasonably wealthy and income distribution between people is relatively even. Growing economy in Europe leads to increasing income of the people. People will buy more luxury goods (such as mobile phones).If the economy of Europe is in decline the average income will not increase and even more likely to decrease. In this case the people will have less money for luxurious goods and will spent less on mobile phones, which would be very negative for Nokia Nokia has big share in European market which is 37% which is now heavily hit by global economic recession. This has affected customers potential to buy mobile phones which in turn causes in reduction in Nokias profit. As we know technological innovation is the main competence of Nokia but due to this recession Nokia is spending less on R D budget in this way Nokia is losing its competitive advantage and may signal to move away from product differentiation which is a chief outcome of Nokia R D activity Nokia has strongly differentiated product and services at the same time Nokia is the cost leader too, as product differentiation is capital intensive while the differences with the cost savings are inevitable in these conditions these two strategies are usually incompatible .Nokia product differentiation strategy has also diminished due to the introduction of Iphone, flip phones, RAZR etc 5Nokia is not focusing on the following issues in the rapidly changing economic environment, Technological invention of a new substitute product like IPod, Iphone A foreign governments adverse economic policy affecting the companys product Diversification by high profile organization into the companys existing products Slowing down in the market growth Change in the habits and tastes of the consumers Potentially damaging demographic changes Changing technology and digital convergence 6In this rapidly changing world, Nokia is facing challenging threats on which they need to focus. The biggest threat for Nokia in Europe is the increasing mature market in Western Europe. Almost everyone in Western Europe has a mobile phone and there are a lot of competitors on the market. If Nokia wants to keep their market share it have to keep innovative, keep working on their image and most important they should keep listening to their customers. The danger of mobile phone radiation through wireless electronics is not more a fantasy. For instance, the new way to communicate per internet gains more and more fans 7Technological development of mobile phones is an important technological force because the technology in the mobile phone business is constantly innovating and developing which can lead to big chances for Nokia .There is a constant research going on within the mobile phone business to try to develop new gadgets and new systems for mobile phones. Nokia has to be aware of these developments, because when the competitors develop a new gadget that Nokia does not it means that the competitors will have a comparative advantage over Nokia. The technological development of substitutes is important when there will be a new developed substitute, it can mean that people will buy this product instead of Nokia mobile phone and so sales for Nokia will drop along with the profit 8According to Nokia due to fast speed internet information technology ,media ,music and mobile communications are converging to one industry.Net books and other computer based products are posing new threats of substitute for Nokia as phones and PCs become more homogenous. The customers are becoming more sophisticated due to rapidly changing technological environment and now Nokia can heralds the threats of mighty Microsoft who has more experience and resources as compared to relatively in-experience Nokia which may result in comparative disadvantage for Nokia. Through merger and acquisition Nokia can overcome this threat which still Nokia is not considering. Nokia is financially very strong company, there is need for the company to enter into new markets to achieve new experience and market shares by overcoming the weak rivals. Nokia new possible target can be Acer which has 11.9% share in the notebook market (Kwong, 2009) 9The advancement of new technologies is also creating new threats in the areas of security. Nokia can provide security by creating sound business practices and careful processes. The companys threat scenarios include as the worst root causes of threats: Employees who are careless and over-trusting Sub-contractors who also work with the companys competitors and implement lax security measures Poor information security that compromises data Industrial espionage by competitors, either alone or with the assistance of state investigation agencies Social engineering specifically as a means of industrial espionage Specific environments in so-called emerging markets which pose new threats to personnel security such as kidnappings and ransom activities and can give rise to large-scale armed robbery of valuable cargoes The Political-Legal Forces Finnish law European law Domestic laws in each of Nokias foreign markets International Laws Health regulations Because Nokia is a Finnish company and has its headquarters in Finland, the board of directors has to be run in accordance with The Finnish law. Since Nokia is also an international company, it has to comply with the international laws such European law, International laws are actually a collection of treaties, conventions and agreements between nations .Nokia must also comply with every foreign countrys domestic laws , which it is doing business with laws affect every aspect of Nokias business product safety, consumer protection dealing with competition , packaging and labeling and advertising etc Legislation is useless if it is not enforced. Nokia has to know the legal environment because it constitutes as the rules of the game. At the same time, it must know the political environment because it determines how the laws are enforced and indicates the direction of new legislation. Health regulations are also important because of danger of mobile phone radiation and the way Nokia has to handle with this threat. The natural Forces Environmental Issues are something that has become more important in the last few years. People are becoming more aware of pollution and want companies to do something about that. Nokia should be aware of this growing sense of awareness for the environment and should change the ways of production and should focus on producing environmental friendly products. The Social-Cultural Forces The population is very diverse. People can be divided into different subcultures that have several ways to spend their money .Subcultures could be different age groups ,interest group and immigrants .They have also different attitudes towards mobile communication Trends in the market 10During the last few years, multimedia applications, such as camera, Mp3 player or radio have become trends that reveal the shape of the future and provide many opportunities for new mobile phones. The crucial factors in fad period are features feel , look ,shape ,coolness especially for teenagers. One example of fad is Nokia N-Gage .This is a mobile phone and a game computer as well .It failed because it could not compete with big game device manufacturers such as Nintendo Consumer Buying Behaviour The changes of such personal factors like age, family life cycle or social class and changes of reference groups unquestionably influence the buying behaviour on the whole mobile phone market and corresponding on Nokias target market. Nokia should know this and has to develop solutions for all these life circumstances 11Global changes like changes of consumer needs, tastes and preferences, the emergence of new technology or nay new development in the marketing environment could potentially affect the fortunes of brand .Nokia also made a straightforward mistake: It didnt produce the clamshell-design mobile phones that customers wanted. And the customers jumped ship so that the companys sales Went down .Consequently, Nokia faced a loss of $6 billion in equity . Nokia faced a very difficult time particularly in year 2004.There were many drawbacks in Nokia strategies like failure to read market trends and act according to these trends. Also Nokia was not up to the demands of his customers which wants innovation in the designs of Nokia sets. The old days were Nokia classic style dominated the market are not returning and company needs to accept it .Nokia always insist on removing some functions or screwing up the keypad. For customers sometimes it is frustrating to have some phones with Bluetooth support but not having Wireless LAN, mp3 support but no FM, camera but no Mp3 and etc .As a result Nokia has lost customers, average sales prices have fallen .Therefore Nokia decided to change its policy in developed and emerging markets 3.0 Assessment of Implementation of change Issues 12Nokia the worlds biggest mobile manufacturer , had a bad year in 2004.Its shares lost over half their value between march and August-from a high of $23 to a low of $11 on 13 August-its sales declined and its market share, having stabilized around 35 percent for many years , fell to a low of 28.9 per cent. And in April 2004, one of its main rivals Samsung over took Nokia in market capitalization. However, some commentators thought that Nokias decline began even earlier than this. Sales peaked at  £ 30.4bn in 2000 when 128m phones were sold. In 2003 despite selling 179m handsets revenues was  £29.5bn .Samsung in contrast was able to achieve higher average selling prices for its photos, even though its volume were lower Although some thought that Nokias problems were partly because it had reached saturation in its main markets as well as facing increased competition, others laid the blame for Nokias problems at the companys strategy of focusing on high volume, lower price sales and ignoring design. The needs of increasingly fashion-conscious young mobile phone owners were ignored and Nokia was accused of missing the change from brand to style. This is surprising given that Nokia had previously been the pioneer of the handset as a fashion item with choices of colors and styles. But in 2003/2004 Nokia was sticking to its traditional monobloc or candy bar format for its handsets; meanwhile his rivals were bringing out more innovative models A particular problem was demand for folding calm-shell phones , especially in Asia and North America .Motorolas RAZR v3 model , a slim-line design with stylish aluminum shell , was a particular hit with consumers .Nokia has admitted that it failed to anticipate how successful clamshells would be .But other design features were also missing. Cameras , high-quality colour screens and user interface , that had formerly been streets ahead of the competition , were all less well developed than they needed to be .This meant that previously loyal customers were forced to turn to competitions models. I think Nokia just does not seem to have changed its look much over the last 10 years Nokias design problems happened at the same time as mobile phone service providers were wanting customized handsets as a means of increasing their own brand differentiation .Operator specific handsets are normally locked to prevent them being used by another operators network thereby attempting to boost customer loyalty as well as security .Operators in Europe and America were contracting with smaller Asians original design manufacturers to provide handsets to their own design specifications .And Vodafone , the worlds largest mobile services provider ,chose to provide its Vodafone live data services on handsets supplied by sharp. Similar problems affected the development of 3G services Japanese and South Korean companies were some years ahead in this technology .Vodafone for one choose Samsung and Sony Ericsson to supply its 3G handsets as a result .And Hutchison Whampoas there , a new entrant to the 3G market in Europe ,declined to sell Nokias handset because it lacked video-calling capabilities to embrace customized handsets was actually the result of technological factors .Given Nokias reliance on volume and sale ,it could not make different handsets for individual operators without a reorganization of its value chain .Until 2005 this was oriented towards large-scale production of relatively undifferentiated handsets .It preferred to hold off adding new features , such as high-quality colours screens or higher-resolution cameras ,until the components were available in large volumes. It also preferred to customize handsets through software .Its series 60 software, which is run on high-end phones is especial ly configurable, allowing the same hardware to support providers various services However ,the shock appeared to stimulate Nokia into making the necessary changes .It has since moved into operator-focused hardware customization despite its preferences for software customization and made the changes to its logistics system .Nokias new modular hardware designs made it easier for the company to customize products faster , and it set a target for 50 percent of its products to have alternative designs such as clamshells ,sliders and swivels by the end of 2005.One of its products the Nokia 6230 was so popular that Nokia was at times unable to meet demand and Nokia became a beehive of experiments. It launched a range of innovative handsets ,the N-series ,which had additional features as well as being phones and its 770 Internet Tablet is a hand-held computer that does not contain a phone at all but supports web-browsing e-mail and voice-over-internet calls using Google Talk software and Wi-Fi technology .Nokias then CEO Jorma Ollila has since retired directed R D to are as where Nokia had particular strengths for example radio technology and mobile-phone software ,not wasting it on technologies that the company could buy it .In 2004 it spent more than $4.8bn on R D of which 60 percent on software .At 12.8 percent of sales Nokia R D ratio was 3 percent higher than Motorolas and about twice that of Sony Nokia now the largest Camera Company in the world and convergence means that its phones provide music-playing, video-recording and computing facilities so that its competitors include Apple, Sony, Canon and other consumer-electronics firms .By may 2006 Nokia described as having a renewed spring in its step .Its market share has recovered to 35 percent 4.0 Analysis Conclusions 13In the environmental analysis, we took into account the different environmental forces which have impact on Nokia. Nokia has a very strong position in the mobile phone market in Europe. It is a strong brand because of their good quality products and powerful image and has just few weaknesses However, changes in consumer needs, preferences or too fast development of new technologies, could have negative impact on the consumer buying behavior in Nokias segment. Nokia should be prepared for it Currently Nokia sells its products in over 130 countries. The company divides the market not only into geographical and behavioral qualities of the customers are similar-to better satisfy their needs .Sometimes Nokia has a wrong strategy to keep its customers .Nokia removes some functions in its phone so that customers have the need for more .Moreover after producing new models Nokia sometimes does not focus enough on their positioning through advertising and packaging .Nevertheless, Nokia is still has the one of the best brand value in the world .The customer-based brand equity is also positive , people still prefer Nokia among the others .Customers have many associations with Nokia brand which differentiate it from other competitors .Competition is fierce and many competitors are attacking against Nokia to become the market leader .However ,Nokia has several advantages over its competitors such as economies of scales and innovative high technology .Europe is its home market ,Nokia has good possibilities to succeed and maintain its market leader position also in the future .However it cannot make misjudgments anymore. Now it is aware of the threats. It has to observe and predict what is happening in its environment and be sensitive in listening to its customers and trends

Is TV Harming America? :: essays research papers

Those who proclaim that television is harming society may be too quick to judge television, in fact in some ways TV can help society. One only has to look at programs such as America’s Most Wanted and Unsolved Mysteries, they may often be on the corny side, however America’s Most Wanted has helped authorities capture many wanted fugitives. News programs have gotten more and more graphic in recent years, but the amount of information given on the news has increased substaintially as well. As a nation, we watched the Gulf War, the Clinton Impechment proceedings, the Clarence Thomas hearings and several other pivotal news stories that we otherwise would not have had such access to without television. Children’s shows run the gamut from programs such as Power Rangers to Sesame Street. Few would argue that shows such as Sesame Street and Mr. Roger’s Neighborhood are damaging our youth. With a little parental supervision the harmful aspects of television can be avoided, there are useful and educational shows available for children to watch. Some of my nephew’s favorite shows are Arthur, Blue’s Clue’s, Sesame Street, he’s even at an age now where he will tell me to change the channel when it’s time for Arthur to come on. Some critics have said that advertisers are brainwashing our children, that may be true on some level. However, ultimately it’s not the child that runs out to Toy’s R Us and purchases the toys that are hocked constantly on television; the parents have control of the checkbook and should therefore establish some rules about commercials. Unfortunatley, advertisements are unavoidable these day’s, they are everywhere, not just TV, they can be heard on the radio, there are billboards everywhere you look.

Illegally Downloading Music Essay

Music, a very popular trend in our day. There are all types of music; hip hop, rock, rap, pop, etc. With the growing amounts of songs and artists, people want to listen to them more. Therefore they need some source in order to listen to these songs. If downloading music off the internet is considered â€Å"illegal†, then why do people have music sharing websites? There are about 500 online services located in 40 countries. With all these websites people should be allowed to download music and let it not be considered stealing. For example: If I walk into a record store, steal a CD and then walk out it is no longer there and no one can have it, it is gone. But on the other hand if I download a song off a music sharing website, many other people can do the same and it is also free! I’ll admit that artists sell their music on programs such as â€Å"ITunes† where people pay about a dollar or more for a song, which can help benefit their songs, but who wants to pay that much money for songs? When you download music for free they will get recognized a lot quicker because the community will start sharing with many others and considering that it is free it may be more popular. People over 30 years of age may consider it stealing because at their age, there were no music sharing sites like â€Å"Limewire, or Napster†. Instead they would buy CD’s then either copy them on to cassettes or share them with friends. There are also sites like â€Å"MySpace† where it is okay to demand free music on a playlist, but it’s not okay on custom playlists just because the contracts aren’t right. Eventually downloading music may not be considered stealing, but until this is ethically wrong, downloading music should not be considered stealing.

The contemporary versus the historic

Interventions, the modern-day versus the historic, timeless or tendency, sympathetic or indurate? An probe into the relationship between historic architecture and modern-day intercessions, An penetration into ‘Britishness ‘ and the contention of changing historical edifices. There are presently a batch of high profile physiques which involve an old edifice deriving a new add-on, an illustration being the programs for the Tate Modern art gallery extension, ( FIG ) which has been really controversial and created a split in sentiments, but why? Is it due to the proposed construction being such a contrast to the bing ex-industrial pallet of brick and masonry or is it due to people non wishing the aesthetic of the new design, or is it something different all together. Why are these type of undertakings so controversial? What is it about the deliberate contrast of manners that separates diehards from modernist minds so strongly? Are these old edifices being utilized better with their new add-ons or is it merely a craze, which like Modernism will intend the edifices may be seen as useless or uneffective constructions that will be demolished and replaced in a affair of decennaries. Understanding this theory better involves looking at why these edifices have had Contemporary add-ons added to the bing construction, whether they have been rheniums purposed, saved from destruction, been given a new rental of life, or have merely been enlarged. Looking at specific illustrations will find whether or non the add-ons have been successful or unsuccessful and whether the alteration has genuinely been in the edifices best involvements or is merely portion of a tendency which is merely an architectural ‘gimmick ‘ , which may or may non stand the trial of clip. The junction between historic and Contemporary stuffs is besides an of import factor of this meeting of manners, for illustration the designer behind the Public Library in Landau, Germany, Lamott Architekten commented that â€Å" the point of which the former outer wall has been perforated are rendered as lesions. â€Å" , Does the daintiness of the concurrence between stuffs consequence negative call in relation to the historic edifice, does the new design have regard for the bing construction, whether or non there is any major supplanting of any historic rock work, or any original characteristics which are covered up or overshadowed by the new development. Are these add-ons portion of the changeless extension of edifices that has occurred for 100s of old ages, or is at that place something about modern-day architecture that makes it different to manners of the yesteryear. Is it what some people see as the edifice organically altering and turning, or is this motion a reaction to t he recent environmental stance to architectural design, and merely a manner to recycle old edifice instead than pulverizing them, and changing them to be more energy efficient. Is there demand for a more restrictive or a more accepting attack to be aftering for these sort of undertakings, or do the limitations mean that merely the best designs are put frontward, and if ordinances were non in topographic point would many historic edifices would be ruined by severely designed or ill planned intercessions or is at that place merely excessively much bureaucratism and junior-grade ordinances maintaining advancement to the bare lower limit and standing in the manner of landmark undertakings. Would it be better for a edifice to be transformed into a modern-day useable edifice, when the option is for it be left to degrade and to be forgotten. In concern with Britain in peculiar is the corporate reservedness keeping modern-day architecture and advancement in the designed environment back? Will this phenomena ruin our historical edifices stock and confound our state ‘s heritage, or is there a more positive impact on society that can be sought from good designed modern-day architecture. The usage of the word ‘statement ‘ plays a large portion of this argument, is this motion entirely about making a statement piece of modern-day design merely to do an impact, or will it turn out to hold more deepness, and go something more lasting in the architectural universe. Is the fact that undertakings such as the Reichtag and the Ontario museum even exist suggest that despite the contention that there is an overall bit by bit altering sentiment as to how historic edifices are modified. The contrast between a landmark and an iconic edifice, is great, can they of all time be combined to make something timeless.Chapter 1: How did the thought of saving in architecture come into being. How has the motion of adding to bing evolved over clip.In the argument of which method is better transition Restoration or extension. The more ‘sensible ‘ option of Restoration, ( to utilize historically accurate edifice methods and stuffs to make a mimic of the bing ) , can be seen as more sympathetic to the edifice. In a transition of a mediaeval public library in Spain ( FiG ) it was commented that â€Å" Through simple fix steps, carefully fitted to fit the edifice, and merely a few new add-ons, the ambiance and luster of the original edifice substance pervades † ( Cramer and Breitling 2007, p.33 ) To understand the idealism behind the saving of old edifices, in peculiar in the United Kingdom, It must foremost be understood how and why the thought of edifices being protected came to go through. Phil Venning from the Society for the protection of ancient edifices explained that the beginning of historical edifice saving â€Å" †¦ stems from what the Victorians were making Between 1840 to 1870 there was a immense procedure of reconstructing churches and cathedrals. Half or all mediaeval churches were restored and the job was the nature of that Restoration. Take St Alburns ‘ church, non one individual rock from the original edifice was reused. It was a complete Victorian makeover, a complete innovation that bore no relation to anything historical that existed before, so 100s of old ages of echt history were wiped off for the interest of something fantastical and wholly unneeded. â€Å" ( Venning 09 ) Historical edifices frequently have a long and complicated yesteryea r, many things that happened within the edifice are unknown, this enigma and inquire create a kind of fondness for the historic, architectural or otherwise. There is a contradiction in experiencing about historic things, â€Å" Most peoples sentiment of old artifacts is contradictory. For many the old frequently represents stagnancy and decay. On the other manus, the old is besides treated with a certain regard, recognizing the fact that the ageing procedure involves endurance in the face of troubles. The really fact that something has been conserved can excite admiration and contemplation. Possibly it is the acquaintance of old things that one values, and the experiences which have contributed to their endurance over clip. The hints of ageing can be perceived as a signifier of cultural individuality. â€Å" ( Cramer, Breiltlig, 2007 ) Looking back on peculiar illustrations of edifices that were added to or restored in the past clearly shows why certain protection was needed to continue historic edifices. Longleat house in Wiltshire is a really utmost illustration of how Victorian manner add-ons could be unsympathetic to the original construction. Within Longleat ‘s inside are legion concealed nothingnesss, where new add-ons and interior layout alterations are fitted within the bing construction frequently go forthing immense nothingnesss which can merely be accessed through bantam service doors and are wholly blocked off. One of the biggest nothingnesss in the edifice contains a beautiful clock face. It is still maintained, and is in perfect working order, but really few people of all time see it, as in order to see the clock face an angled mirror and a torch are needed. This type of loss of history lead to the creative activity of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in 1877. One of the chief concerns of those opposed to this motion is the saving of historical civilization, non being a precedence and how through these extremist modern add-ons it is being lost in order to make more of an cosmopolitan manner, with less accent on a specific civilization as, due to engineering and its consequence on communicating it is more international instead than national. Architects can now work with edifices 1000s of stat mis off, and may hold ne'er personally visited the site in inquiry, this fact entirely, along with many other factors, including globalization means that it is inevitable that some signifier of cosmopolitan manner is to develop. However, on the contrary to this it is seen that each edifice is developed based on its site, its context, including its yesteryear and historical value and its usage, intending that no two edifices could of all time be developed in the exact same manner. ( quotation mark ) This means that using a cosmopolitan manner can ne'er be a generic scenario as it was during the Modernist period. Historically new manners were developed through travel and geographic expedition. The expansive circuit for illustration that took topographic point during the nineteenth century involved English Lords and designers researching Europe, in order to be inspired by bing architecture and convey them back to Britain, therefore the birth of the Renaissance manner. The expansive tourers were really destructive in their geographic expedition, many splintering of inside informations from the edifices to maintain as souvenir and carving their names in the walls of ancient temples. Renaissance architecture was formed through the misinterpretations and reinterpretations of Greek and Roman architecture. An illustration of this being that many expansive places in Britain were inspired by Greek and Roman temples. Temples were built for certain Gods to seek shelter, so the inside was ne'er meant to be seen by the mean townsfolk. Making places based on the design changes the construct behind the orig inal signifier wholly. This is one of many illustrations of how the British reinterpreted another civilizations manner of architecture to make a new manner that is seen as quintessentially British. The thought of adding to bing in a current manner has been happening for centuries. Many cherished edifices have been added to in different periods, for illustration Chillham Castle in Canterbury in which â€Å" Major changes were made in the late eighteenth century by Thomas Heron and his Wildman replacements, in the 1860s by Charles Hardy and eventually in the 1920s by Sir Edmund Davis. â€Å" ( Peters 08 ) . This was before William Morris introduced Torahs to protect old edifices, and at that place was evidently non the same feeling of costliness that is felt with concern of old edifices as there is today. Chillham palace is an first-class illustration of how the whole edifice was changed depending on the manner that was in manner, â€Å" In 1775-76, Heron refitted the Jacobean house about throughout in Georgian manner. â€Å" ( Peters 08 ) This was non needfully ever the best for the edifice, nevertheless, â€Å" In what has been termed â€Å" an evil reconsideration † Brandon put a replacing oriel window over the front door, approximately resembling the original but utilizing his ain â€Å" heavy † design. † ( Peters 08 ) . In the 1920 ‘s Chillham palace was restored to its old Jacobean province every bit much as possible, which while possibly profiting the edifice in its layout and overall coherency, had erased 100s of old ages of history. â€Å" Therefore the fenestration alterations of the 18th and 19th centuries have been mostly swept off, and the external lifts must look today well as they were originally in 1616 † ( Peters 08 ) This is a different attack to current redevelopment methods, in that in modern-day add-ons seek to heighten the historic, instead than replace the historic in order to accomplish the semblance of a historic edifice. During the 60s the motion of changing the historic, became more familiar to what modern-day add-ons try to make today. Architects such as by Carlo Scarpa, Pierre Chareau and Ignazio Gardella, bridged the spread with advanced solution to recycle of old edifices, which is looked at further in Chapter 4. ( demand to bridge spread between these paragraphs ) These thoughts could be used with modern-day intercessions where by alternatively of experiencing frightened or intimidated by alteration of cherished historic constructing stock the British should encompass this new tendency, because if we do non so we will non develop a modern-day British manner, and that is what frightens us most.Chapter 2: How does the corporate British mind affect undertakings seeking to contrast old and new? Does the planning system have to alter to maintain the UK at the head of current design?As discussed in chapter 1, the debut of limitations in changing old edifices has changed the manner in which they are preserved, and how architectural manner affects the old history. Planing Torahs can be restrictive in the redevelopment procedure. Many historical edifices are listed which mean that certain standards refering structural alterations and stuff usage have to be obeyed. It is hard to find whether or non these limitations are non altering plenty to maintain u p with current demands of modern life such as unfastened program infinites and environmental efficiency. It is interesting how the sentiment about execution of modern-day add-ons between be aftering governments differ. In Alain De Botton ‘s book â€Å" The architecture of felicity † and his attach toing telecasting programme â€Å" The perfect place † non merely does he give illustrations of undertakings that strived to make a add-on, and fought a conflict with be aftering Torahs over the thought of modern-day being more appropriate that mock or medley, but he besides looks into why medley may be the preferable pick, non merely by the contrivers but of Britain ‘s general populace. Public sentiment plays a large portion in a edifices success. Does the populace ‘s sentiment genuinely reflects the virtues of the edifice and the design, or is the public position still tainted with a deficiency of misgiving of Contemporary manner design after the weaknesss of the Modernist motion. Is it still the safe but medley option that the general populace favor? Is the thought of adjustment in still deep set into the heads of people as being the more acceptable and hence the best option? In order to understand this ideal we must look to the modern lodging stock. Pastiche has been able to run public violence with the UK ‘s lodging. Mock Tudor and Elizabethan houses are everyplace, many are built by developers without even a audience with an designer. These edifices are familiar, they are safe, they are seen to affect less hazard. In this state in peculiar the conservative mentality appears to be keeping back the coeval in architecture but non in engineering or communicating or comfortss, what does this state about how we feel about the infinites we occupy. Alain De Botton refers to Vilhelm Worringer a twentieth Century philosopher that argued that people fell in love with specific types or manners of architecture because it contained or symbolised something that that individual, or that individuals society was missing, therefore Alain De Botton links this to the theory that pastiche forge Tudor and Georgian new physique places are favoured as a analogue to the ugly landscapes of mills and industrial units that a technologically advanced society produces. This could be seen as an implicit in ground for the extract of Historical and Contemporary architecture being so controversial, it evokes confusion with feeling of desiring to withdraw to the past off from engineering and promotion. The thought of the modern conveying the Historical into the new millenary may scare people into a disfavor for these undertakings. One paticular illustration Alain De Botton choice out is one that challenges this theory and suggests that persons are now get downing to gain the positive facets of Contemporary architecture and how it can be more sympathetic to the echt historic than ‘make believe medley ‘ . Wakelins is a Tudor sign of the zodiac that was refurbished and extended by James Gorst architects as a private place for James Gorst himself. The dramatic modern-day extension can be seen to hold more in common to the original construction as it is besides timber framed, where as a medley mock Tudor extension would be a masonry construction. James Gorst commented that manners can co-exist without struggle and that you can be â€Å" respectful of the past but in your ain epoch † ( Gorst 08 ) Another illustration Botton uses is a little elusive modern-day extension to a Georgian terraced house in East London ( FIG ) . This extension was specifically designed by Henning Stummel designers to house lavatory installations on each floor of the house. The logical thinking for this is to make a more accurate Edwardian layo ut. As the Edwardians did non hold bathrooms one was created at a ulterior day of the month on the top floor doing break to the flow of the house. The new extension allowed the flow of the house to be restored to the original. These two illustration defends the theory that â€Å" A true court seldom looks like one † ( Botton 08 ) that something can be historically sensitive with out aesthetically fiting anything from the yesteryear. This extension could be seen as good to the house by some, and beautiful with its lumber paneling and block like Windowss, but it involved a long and backbreaking conflict with the local planning commission, which in its entireness took two old ages, as the council favoured a mock Edwardian extension. This is contrasting grounds to sentiments of the likes of Peter Vennning from the society for the protection of ancient edifices who â€Å" †¦ would ever instead something that is advanced and good designed that merely copying what was there al ready † ( Venning 09 ) This changeless battle with sentiments of the council and planning with persons creates a barrier between the success and the via media of modern-day add-ons to Historic edifices. This could propose that there is a job in this state about accepting modern-day architecture, nevertheless there is the issue that it is merely in the residential sector that this is evident. In the United Kingdom there are some award winning modern-day edifices, and they are common topographic point for undertakings such as theaters, libraries and universities. Peoples evidently appreciate their public and commercial edifices to be modern-day, and in usage built undertakings the edifice layout to outdo reflect its intent. This theory is so reversed when we look at the modern British place, which merely seeks to retroflex the old. There is a British trait to be really proud of our places, but it is questionable why this has manifested itself in such a manner in this state and otherwise in most other states. It is a position that British people take pride in their place, in peculiar with facets such as DIY or make it yourself being seen as quintessentially British â€Å" DIY is something of a national interest on Bank Holidays in the UK † ( unknown, 09 ) This nevertheless is an facet in itself that leads the populace to believe that places are a personal thing. This, in the yesteryear has lead to dissensions between designers and place proprietors, one illustration being Le Corbusier and the Villa Savoye, and the client being told non to set drapes up as it would botch the interior outside consequence created by the drape glass. This posed the job of making a via media between good design and an aesthetically delighting edifice, and taking into consideration client demands and the practical every twenty-four hours operation of the edifice. All this grounds suggests that the spread between the public sentiment and the designers sentiment demands to be bridged. The planning section can be seen as the people to bridge the spread, nevertheless they seen to subconsciously be reenforcing the misgiving the populace have with modern-day design with the favor of medley and mock, instead than defending the undertakings that if built could get down to alter the populace ‘s perceptual experience of modern-day architecture. This outlines the chief issue that if good designed modern-day undertakings are non built they will still be seen as the abnormal. It is already outlined that the British public find a sense of security in older manner edifices as they are good known, huge in figure and familiar. Therefore it seems that it is impossible to bridge this spread without upsetting t he British populace at some phase. The planning commission have the power to alter the populace ‘s perceptual experience nevertheless they are portion of the British public in themselves and their penchants for mock can be seen as a reserved or scared move on their behalf. Architects have an apprehension of how modern-day architecture plants, and how it can be good in a modern society. This could be seen to propose that there must be a signifier of doing the public aware of modern-day architecture and how it works, for this fright is based on a deficiency of apprehension, or merely declining to understand. The current argument on this issue is forward fronted by Prince Charles. In a really British mode he is opposing many designers work in defense mechanism of saving of historical edifices in the UK. Prince Charles, Royal, although with no official authorization for edifice ordinances, has become the interpreter for this argument. However his really traditional positions have been controversial even to those who support the cause. Philosophically the prince ‘s claim to be the defender of tradition does non bear examination. He late resigned as frequenter of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings ( SPAB ) because he does non understand or subscribe to its pronunciamento, as set down by its laminitis, William Morris. The cardinal SPAB rule is that no version or extension to an historic edifice should seek to copy the original, but be distinguishable and of its ain clip. To cite: â€Å" a lame and exanimate counterfeit is the concluding consequence of all the wasted labor † . That one of the prince ‘s advisors besides designs for Disneyland is diagnostic of a penchant for a sanitized version of the yesteryear, stripped of the reliable verve Morris sought to support. ( Macintosh 09 ) This difference in sentiment reflects the much wider argument of whether to accommodate edifices in a modern-day manner or every bit traditionally as possible. Prince Charles can be seen as a typically British illustration. Part of the Monarchy but with efficaciously with no authorization in affairs including architecture, he feels his sentiment more valid than that of William Morris and the full staff at the Society for the protection of Ancient Buildings But the prince is understood to hold peculiarly objected to the suggestion that reconstructing old houses in their original manner frequently consequences in a ‘pastiche ‘ – an uncomplimentary odds and ends of stuffs and signifiers taken from different beginnings -and took strivings to state as much. â€Å" ( English 09 ) With figure caputs such as these portraying their sentiment of the right pattern, as antediluvian mimicking, is it no admiration that the British populace, that which is still in esteem of its monarchy, something which is really unambiguously British, can the lesser known faces of this argument, such as the SPAB be considered within public consideration. However there are points raised by prince Charles that defend the thought that there is a difference in sentiment or a spread of understanding between designers and the general populace that must be addressed â€Å" A â€Å" gulf † is go oning to split designers from the remainder of society because of their compulsion with signifiers † ( Hurst 09 ) . However even Prince Charles admitted that the planning system needed reform, which means that there is cogent evidence that the planning system does non even benefit those hidebound thoughts refering architecture. There is recent contraversay about Prince Charle ‘s place within this architectural argument. The recent withdrawl of foreign support for a high terminal coeval development in London due to the Princes interfearence has angered many. It could be seen that Charles should be seeking to press foreign developers to put in lodging, to profit the state as a whole, particularly in a clip of economic crisis. Many others challenged the design of the edifice, chiefly those of a certain authorization and age scope â€Å" Palace functionaries are likely to reason that the prince was merely one voice against the Candys ‘ programs for Chelsea Barracks. Lord Stockton, grandson of Harold MacMillan, the former premier curate†¦ † ( Chittenden,09 ) The Prince besides stated his positions on his prefered alternate â€Å" He proposed a classical option that mirrored the 17th-century Royal Hospital, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, across the street. † ( Chittenden,09 ) Thi s remark is an illustration of how people are afraid of something new, and prefere the security of something that already exists, the medley. If the Prince becomes king in the hereafter so the argument will go progressively intense, which poses the possibility that more and more medley will happen its was to the edifices sites, instead than something more exciting and advanced. The thought of animating a like the Royal infirmary, means that the newer edifice will merely of all time be a lesser edifice than the original, due to the fact that miming something with modern-day techniques will ultimatly compromise the overall unity of the edifice, peculiarly when the original is every bit close as Prince Charles proposed. In esscence medley architecture is seting manner out of context, in regard of clip. Is it so non that different from constructions in subject Parkss and museums? This can be epitimised by the fact that as discussed prevoisuly one of prince Charle ‘s advisers besid es designs for Disneyland. This could be seen as Prince Charles prioritizing manner over substance, whcih is certainly non how successful edifices are designed. The thought of retroflexing an old edifice is ne'er making the original edifice justness, as it will ever be compromised by modern-day demands every bit good as modern-day edifice codifications and be aftering regulations.. This could, in utmost fortunes in the hereafter, lead to old edifices being demolished in favor of medley, as mock edifices are created in the relevant period and are hence more suited for current use.It could be said that to truly appreciate old edifices they muse have a contrast, in order to maintain the rarety and costliness of its design. Another facet of architecture that Prince Charles has been speaking about is sustainability. In a recent talk he was considered to come across as â€Å" †¦ an rational Luddite, whose lone solution is to withdraw into a Hobbit-like universe of organic crude edif ices and no autos. † ( Baillieu, 09 ) This is linked in Prince Charle ‘s address with the thought that he is wary or afraid of experimentation within the architectural genre. †¦ it ‘s his belief that the challenge of clime alteration can be solved without experimentation. This is where the address unravelled for in doing out â€Å" experimentation † to be a terrorizing spring in the dark instead than something good based on hypotheses and a organic structure of cognition ( Baillieu, 09 ) . It is easy to see how these two facets come together to organize this overall sentiment. This is once more associating back to the thought of being afraid of the unknown and the security of the familiar which is known to hold existed and survived for a period of clip. However it is clear that without experimentation it will be impossible to battle the clime altering effects of our current architectural stock without stepping into the unknown and experimenting to make new engineering and modern-day design. This supports the thought of traveling on from historical design and designing in a more intellegent manner in order to battle this job, and get down developing thoughts for architecture that the hereafter requires. This point in argued by those who support the scientific discipline and engineering of this argument â€Å" In his celebrated â€Å" two civilizations † talk, the novelist and scientist CP Snow warned that if people wanted to turn their dorsums on scientific discipline and the benefits of industrialization they were free to do that pick. â€Å" I respect you for the strength of your aesthetic repugnance, † he said. â€Å" But I do n't esteem you in the slightest if, even passively, you try to enforce the same pick on others who are non free to take. â€Å" ( Baillieu, 09 ) . This besides supports the thought that some portion of the population are non nessessarily lead by their ain pick but instead the pick of front mans in their society. This straight relates to Prince Charles and the negative impact he could hold on the populations positions refering architecture. It is easy to see how people become loyal about this states old edifices, but certainly opposing anything modern-day in architecture at all is impeding the advancement of the state as a whole. The devastation of old edifices during the first and 2nd universe wars helped to make the feeling of costliness for the old edifices that survived. Modernism that took advantage of the loss of historical edifices to make something new, which even involved pulverizing old edifices that survived the air foraies. This was admired by immature architectural heads but disliked by older more hidebound designers every bit good as the populace. This Modern manner of edifice was really much a duplicating manner with certain design regulations that had to be followed by every edifice, which lead them to hold a really generic quality. This rigorous codification of aesthetic design lead to many of the edifices being demolished every bit small as 10 to thirty old ages subsequently, due to the fact that the edifices were deemed to hold no psyche and were considered ugly and rough aesthetically. The destructive qualities of Modernism and the designers thoughts of town planning, showed non merely the populace but besides the architectural universe how of import it was to make constructions that were non merely functional but iconic, and to make something the populace could bask, non merely the architectural elite. Modernism as a motion angered many people who were dedicated to continuing history, and of all time since so they have been ferociously protective of old edifices and the work that is done with them. Many people nevertheless who have acquired old edifices with the purpose on reconstructing them, have to wait months and trade with infuriating, bureaucratism before they can get down work, . In a batch of instances until the necessary permissions are granted the proprietors are powerless and must watch as the edifice they own deteriorates further seting the edifice itself at hazard. An illustration of this is the work carried out on a folly in Monmouth ( FIG ) ( Gillilan 09 ) to reconstruct the original edifice which is from the sixteenth century but was rebuilt after be ing struck by buoy uping in the late ninetiess. They besides wanted to include a modern extension and to rupture down the twentieth century add-ons that were non appropriate for the edifice, seeking to mime the original with rendered concrete that were doing harm to the bing construction. This undertaking included an equal sum of Restoration and extension, designed by designers with thoughtful and delicate concurrence between modern and historic stuffs shows how with better engineering and more sympathetic edifice stuffs our positions to reconstructing old edifices is easy altering. The planning commission of a local council nevertheless is non the lone resistance an person with Contemporary gustatory sensation must confront. Public blessing is critical for a successful planning application, and neighbors resistance can halt a undertaking even get downing. In Ling, a little historical small town in Norfolk a occupant wished to construct a modern-day house on the site of his old clayware shed. He has been seeking to acquire permission for his home for old ages, and his biggest obstruction is the villagers themselves, who think the edifice is ‘ugly ‘ and ‘does n't suit in ‘ The inquiry is why did this affair so much, and why precisely did the new edifice non suit in? The edifice is proposed to be made from traditional methods with local stuffs so it is the modern-day manner of the edifice the villagers find so violative. The occupant in inquiry commented that there is â€Å" something peculiarly British about this seting the yesteryear on a base and that everything old is inviolable and you touch it at your hazard. † But is it merely the British who feel this manner, or is it something that is portion of any state with a long history and a wealth of historical edifices. A contrast to this would be to look at a state where this is non the instance. Dubai is largely desert, but due to its lifting economic system it is easy being turned into huge metropoliss and composites. The difference to Britain is that there is no penchant toward the historic, and station modernism is literally allowed to make full metropoliss which necessarily creates a huge sum of different and contradicting manners and gustatory sensations. Dubai has a ski Lodge, a land of China and a map of the universe shaped from sand dunes in the sea. Dubai is an illustration of what an architectural ‘free for all ‘ can make, which has merely every bit much of a negative impact if non more than a state in which development is so purely regu lated and protective as ours. With it being acceptable to hold an single architectural gustatory sensation makes the state of affairs different to that of old epochs where by a more incorporate gustatory sensation was adhered by, be aftering Torahs inhibit the devastation of old edifices or the add-on of infinites that make no sense and are of really single gustatory sensation. However at that place needs to be more understanding from the planning system in footings of medley that is seen to hold a negative impact on the edifice and is non ever the appropriate solution. Deliberate hazards must be taken in single fortunes in order to make relevant infinites for the modern manner of life, and criterions must be set so that modern-day manner can be enjoyed by future coevalss.Chapter 3: Does current cognition and tendency affect the usage of old edifices.Architecture is non inactive and must invariably alter in order to remain relevant to current society and remain in usage. The thought of merely conveying a edifice back up to a habitable criterion is non needfully the best option. â€Å" ‘Saving ‘ old edifices is no longer plenty. The purpose is non preservation but transmutation, an architectural, instead than a sentimental or historicist attack to making new signifier out of old cloth. † ( Powell 1999 ) One manner is which this theory is peculiarly relevant in modern-day society is within the recent alterations to constructing methods in relation to the environment. Old constructions were designed and built before such cognition of clime alteration or planetary heating existed. Adapting an old edifice with a new interior layout or add-on is no longer plenty to do it a genuinely twenty-first century edifice, The environmental factor must now besides be considered to future proof a edifice. In order to cut down an bing edifices C pes print, some version is necessary, which is non ever historically accurate or sympathetic. The concluding behind many edifices being reused instead so destroyed is besides influenced by the issue of sustainability. It is frequently more economical every bit good as environmentally friendly to recycle an bing edifice instead than pulverize and so reconstruct it. This office edifice ( FIG ) was remodelled to reflect modern-day manners in architecture. The ed ifice is about unrecognizable, but the inquiry this poses is, if this edifice had to be remodelled several times in such speedy sequence, what does it state about the clip graduated table in which modern-day manners are considered current? ( demand to infix FIG dates that it was remodelled ) It is said that â€Å" architecture is an look of its clip, and clip can sometimes go through quickly † ( need to follow up mention ) The thought of accommodating an old edifice to run into new demands and recycling it is a environmentally sound thought. If person busying a edifice needs more infinite is it non better to accommodate the bing edifice than to travel to a bigger edifice, or have a new edifice built. Hearst tower is a construction which encompasses many facets of modern-day add-on that is considered good. Its sustainable certificates make it a precursor in New York for environmentally friendly design â€Å" Designed to devour significantly less energy than a conventional New York office edifice, it is a theoretical account of sustainable office design. † ( Foster and spouses, unknown ) ( include passage between old and new in interior infinite and FIG ) A complex challenge is when a metropolis has become so urbanized that there is merely non plenty infinite to make new edifices without making a signifier of urban sprawl consequence. A metropolis like New York is a premier illustration of a topographic point where land mass has become non existent for edifice, and so older edifices must be adapted to turn with the activities within it. New York has combated this job by edifice upwards, making the biggest possible square footage with the minimum footmark. The add-ons to these edifices hence have to make the same. Hearst Tower achieves significant extra infinite, but implanting itself in the original infinite and traveling upward, to go another iconic edifice in the New York skyline. The environmental component is a important factor in this argument. Many old edifices are improbably inefficient in comparing to modern-day constructions. In order for these edifices to stay relevant as homes and edifices for public usage they have to be adapted with new engineering to stay in usage. If nil is done with historic edifices stock they will go of all time more progressively expensive to run as they age. The resources to run them, will are going of all time more scarce, and are set uping the environment and therefore it is indispensable they be adapted to diminish this consequence. This is now set uping place proprietors and the general populace as a affair of class. With energy monetary values lifting this will finally take to the populace being behind the version of old edifices for this ground in peculiar. There has been a batch of support behind for the demand for version for old edifices, in peculiar Kevin McClouds Great British refurb run which seeks new statute law to assist with the cost of doing places more energy efficient through the appropriate adaptation.. This run has a enormous sum of public support, which leads to the decision that the populace are more comfy with the thought of altering old edifices in a manner that they are cognizant benefits them. This contradiction is proposing that its more the manner in which old and new concurrences frequently juxtapose that is the existent issue for the general populace, and it is more manner than the engineering they are frightened of.Chapter 4: Will the concurrence between historic and modern-day architecture be every bit dateless as other architectural motions. What are the specific qualities that make a piece of design â€Å" timeless † or â€Å" authoritative † ?The word timeless is used a batch in architecture and design, but what precisely does it imply. The dictionary describes the word timeless as ( decision to this, cant be dateless but can go a historic construction i n the hereafter, and to be something that influences future epochs of architecture )without get downing or terminal ; ageless ; everlasting.mentioning or restricted to no peculiar clip: the dateless beauty of great music. ( Dictionary Reference on line )The inquiry that is considered by anyone in charge of allowing be aftering permission for any new add-on to a historic edifice is will it be every bit dateless as the original construction. Examples affecting add-ons made in the seventiess have non needfully aged every bit good as the bing edifice. ( Fig ) Many edifices that were designed and erected during the 1960ss and 1970ss are now considered eyesores, and are frequently lacerate down. Could this be the instance for modern-day manner constructions, or like the Victorian manner, which was out of manner during the 1950s and 1960s and is now a sought after will it merely become stylish once more in the close hereafter. Manner and tendency play an of import function in the design and besides the hereafter of edifices so it is of import that the edifice is good designed and thought out, non trusting merely on the current tendency, but has a timeless facet to it. â€Å" Its non about if it ‘s modern or if its old it ‘s whether or non its quality † ( Coffey 2009 ) Using the 60s as an illustration, many cases of 60s and 70s architecture were severely designed and cheaply made, this can besides be said for many twenty-first Century edifices, made every bit cheaply as possible to carry through a basic demand with small architectural virtue. However there was some architecture that was created during the 1960ss that was better designed and longer enduring. Carlo Scarpa was an designer who preferred working with and adding to an bing construction than making his ain. His most celebrated work Castelvecchio was completed in 1964 ( FIG ) . It was his refusal to retroflex old manners within h is work that his coevalss found odd, but his work has been inspiration for many good renown designers. â€Å" His work greatly influenced that of other Italian inside interior decorators, most notably Franco Albini † , ( ref cheque ) every bit good as going a theoretical account of inspiration for architectural pupils â€Å" His edifices and undertakings were being studied by designers and pupils throughout the universe, and his cosmetic manner had become a theoretical account for designers wishing to resuscitate trade and juicy stuffs in the modern-day mode. † ( REF cheque ) Therefore began the beginnings of juxtaposing the latest stuffs and engineering with historic constructions. The devastation of the first universe war lead to the thought of protecting old edifices to go relaxed plenty to project aside actual historicism, ( although some times subsequently became to act upon the exact antonym ) in specific in Italy, which created a way towards to something more thought provoking and intelligent.. Continue with Work by designers such as Pierre Chareau and Ignazio Gardella. There is the inquiry of if a edifice which is non needfully beautiful, or historically of import but is still classed as historic demand to be preserved in a cherished restrictive manner or is it that with historical edifices, irrespective of their quality people feel a responsibility to protect and continue history like a exposure and this is seen to be the most appropriate option. In this modern society, this is non needfully the right pattern or should edifices which were designed to be used, be redesigned to suit our of all time altering demands. It may be that continuing a edifice has a negative impact on the edifice as it is forced to be used in an out-of-date manner and become like a museum piece non to be touched instead than a edifice which is meant to be inhabited and used in order to be enjoyed. An illustration of this is the resistance to the proposed new add-on to the British museum ( FIG ) . However it is designers every bit good as a local preservation group who are op posing the add-on as it has already received permission from the planning governments and English heritage. â€Å" Committee spokesman Hugh Cullum manager of Hugh Cullum architects added that pluging holes in the late restored great hall to supply entree to the exhibition infinite was a offense against a brilliant and simple frontage. † He added that a new frontage on Malt Street showed a â€Å" specific deficiency of response to the street and regardless of manner, does n't belong to either Georgian or Edwardian context in footings of graduated table, grain or stuffs. † ( Cullum,09 )Chapter 5: What makes peculiar illustrations of reuse successful or unsuccessful.Extensions to edifices have gotten bigger and more high profile in the last 20 old ages. The chief designer responsible for some of the most good known add-ons is Sir Norman Foster. Undertakings such as the Reichstag ( FIG ) and Hearst tower ( FIG ) have become iconic. For a edifice that is such a landmark in itself like the Reichstag it would usually be considered excessively cherished a edifice, to profit from any add-on, â€Å" †¦ you can acquire some edifices that are so cherished are so rare and historically of import its likely non the right thing to make † ( Venning 2009 ) nevertheless it has become an iconic edifice instead than merely a landmark due to its glass dome roof add-on. This is how a edifice can be enhanced in order to truly specify the part in which it is situated, and go a tourist attractive force in itself. It provides a genuinely cultural experience and people travel from across the universe to see it. The dome adds a sing experience to the edifice, making a platform where most of the metropolis can be seen. It has helped to reunite the edifice with the German people, and hence added a new dimension of history to the edifice instead than take awaying from what existed antecedently. â€Å" It is of import to recognize that edifices alteration and adaptà ¢â‚¬ ¦ and parts that are added to the edifice over clip become portion of its history. † ( Venning 09 )The ReichtagThe Reichstag is a first-class illustration of how the extension has been good considered and reflected the edifices history. Based on the thought that a landmark is created by the things that happen to the edifice or the to people that inhabit it instead than the bricks and mortar itself, an thought has surfaced that all old edifices have a signifier of voice. Architectural Voices written by David Littlefield and Saskia Lewis suggest that in order for a new intercession to be genuinely successful the old edifice needs to be decently listened to, â€Å" ‘If it could talk what would it state? What would it sound like? Would it be deserving listening to? ‘ Questions such as these are peculiarly relevant for designers shiping on undertakings of redevelopment, reading or enlargement. † ( Littlefield, 2007 ) . The Reichtag dome like many other under takings faced resistance â€Å" The rebuilding undertaking was necessarily controversial, given the Reichstag ‘s place in twentieth-century German history. † ( powell 1999 ) and Foster ‘s original thought nevertheless was rejected for being excessively extreme as he wanted to encapsulate the whole edifice within a glass dome. However the undertaking as it was realised turned out is considered to â€Å" reinstate the edifice as a focal point of the capital and the place of Bundestag † ( Powell 1999 ) This peculiar undertaking genuinely embraces the thought of ‘listening ‘ to the bing edifice, and proves that in this instance that intercession and add-on can be more effectual than merely a simple Restoration, in making something iconic, â€Å" Above rises a dome, non a Restoration of that which burned in 1938 but surely integrating the memories of the past † . ( Powell 1999 ) The thought that the populace are cognizant of the political rela tions traveling on inside the edifice is accentuated by the fact that the dome sits above where the politicians convene. This creates a transparence metaphor as with the Welsh parliament constructing the visitants of the edifice can watch the politicians from above, and experience more of a portion of the system than in old times. This is of class symbolic of the alteration in the German authorities, with the state being unified by the destruction of the Berlin wall. This changes the stigma of the original edifice and creates a new positive image for the edifice, to associate the old edifice to the new Germany. This edifice opposes the thought introduced at the beginning of this chapter from Phil Venning of the SPAB that some edifices are excessively cherished to be adapted, it is an illustration of how old edifices need to be adapted in order to remain relevant to society. The edifice was damaged during the war and was non repaired when the war ended. Alternatively the edifice rema ined in disrepair and became a symbol for the ruin of Germany and its authorities. It was unloved due to the stigma that was attached to it and what it represented to the people of Germany, which was a authorities that has ruined their state and their lively goons. This was all reversed with the new add-ons and the Restoration, which allowed the symbolism of the edifice to be changed and allowed the edifice to be reintroduced as portion of the German civilization, by adding to the bing, and esteeming its yesteryear and heightening it instead than seeking to disregard it.Oxford CastleThis edifice is another illustration of a edifice that would usually be considered excessively cherished for adaptation, as it is rare for a palace of its age to last wars and conflicts. However it shows how an old edifice can be more apprehended when it is adapted for modern-day usage than be left untasted. It so becomes less of a deadening museum piece and more an exciting topographic point for people to utilize and bask, The Oxford Castle extension and regeneration programme has been successful in making a public infinite. The old palace edifice is now a hotel which forms portion of a Pedestrianised country, which attracts locals and tourers likewise. Opening up an country and a edifice one time closed off to the populace is good, but looking at the daintiness of the new intercession suggests that every attention was taken into consideration to continue and heighten the historic edifices, both in the design procedure and in the building. The original edifice was originally used as a prision, and this creates a alone infinite for a boutique hotel. This reuse of the edifice has created a tourer attractive force in itself and the development is now described as Oxford ‘s figure one tourer attractive forces. the add-on of a glass gift store between two countries of historic stonework. The intercession itself bridges a spread between two unconnected countries to make a unison between the infinites, but besides does non blockade the position of the rock work or the remainder of the edifice from the store, as the glass roof allows the tallness of the palace to be genuinely apprehended ( FIG ) There has been some intercessions to the stonework, and to acquire the glass to sit between the walls some rock has had to be moved. In ( FIG ) you can see the glass roof is supported by several glass beams. These perforate the rock wall, but the harm is minimum, with rocks replaces and matched to the bing, and lime howitzer used so that the wall can be preserved. In other countries of the development you can see the seamless passage between historic and modern-day. In ( FIG ) you can see how the paseo slots into the older edifice utilizing an bing country which is recessed in the same size and form. T his creates the semblance that the two were created in unison. There is a sensitiveness between the concurrences between stuffs as you can see here in ( FIG ) the wooden panelled ceiling in the gift store leaves a little spread between it and the rock wall. This ceiling is non structural and so can sit merely above the rock wall and does non hold to punch it in any manner. This attack leads to minimum break of the ancient rock. Another illustration of this is the glass panels at the forepart of the gift store ( FIG ) . The glass does non punch the rock wall alternatively an adhesive is used to bridge the spread between the glass and the rock work. This is much less intrusive to the stonework and can be removed without a hint of grounds to the bing if necessary. This undertaking has opened up a edifice one time shut away from public esteem and has created a widely distributed prosaic country in which there is besides a court to the palaces history with the new ‘castle unbarred ‘ visitant attractive force. This has been good to the edifice as it has allowed it to go a tourist attractive force and has become more of Oxford ‘s heritage than it was before the redevelopment.Royal Exchange Theatre, ManchesterThis illustration shows how that you can alter a edifices map successfully by adding a modern-day intercession. The old edifice, one time the former Cotton Exchange and one time the largest room for commercialism in the universe, it is now a nationally and internationally renown as it is the largest unit of ammunition theater in the UK ( FIG ) . The manner this edifice has been changed agencies that changes to the bing construction is minimum. The lone intercession is in the chief four marble columns which support the original vaulted ceiling. There was no attempt taken to conceal these intercessions, alternatively the stenosiss that branch off from the chief construction into the old construction are art of the design ( FIG ) This pod manner in tercession becomes the cardinal piece of the edifice, leting a edifice which no longer houses the map it was designed for continue to be relevant in the twenty-first Century. The manner this edifice was redesigned in the 1970s agencies that the edifice still has an of import topographic point within Manchester ‘s metropolis Centre. This undertaking was merely a true success due to the adventuresome design â€Å" Conceived as a extremist, experimental in-the-round wendy house by the late manager Michael Elliot and the phase interior decorator Richard Negri, it has proved systematically successful, and no admiration – the audience is packed in near to the histrions, and at the same clip stacked up high around them. †DecisionThere are many factors which influence this subject. As it has been seen the whole political orientation of one state ‘s civilization is a slow procedure. There is some gradual alteration and the planning system is set to alter with so muc h resistance to its current processs. Bing a authorities organic structure the planning system will hold no pick but to accommodate in order to seek the best solution to jobs in Britain such as the predicted deficit of lodging stock and the economic clime and the deficiency of work for the reinforced environment industry. The political orientation behind the term Britishness is besides altering, and this globalization will impact the manner in which the British population perceives modern-day architecture. The manner architecture alterations is something that will go on to accommodate as it has done since the built environment has existed, and the contention of these undertakings will diminish finally as it becomes more and more common. As the universes population increases the version of bing edifices will go more and more of a necessary procedure, peculiarly due to the new cognition refering the environment.